<link>https://example.com/</link></image><item><title>Customizing Hugo</h1> <article> <h1>Customizing Hugo</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <p>View the full docs at </p> </article> <article> <h1>Project Structure</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h2 id="folder-structure">Folder Structure</h2> <p>There are <strong>4 main folders for Hugo-based sites</strong>:</p> <ul> <li><code>content/</code> for your Markdown-formatted content files (homepage, etc.) <ul> <li><code>_index.md</code> the homepage (<strong>Hugo requires that the homepage and archive pages have an underscore prefix</strong>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><code>assets/</code> <ul> <li><code>media/</code> for your media files (images, videos) <ul> <li><code>icons/custom/</code> upload any custom SVG icons you want to use</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><code>config/_default/</code> for your site configuration files <ul> <li><code>hugo.yaml</code> to configure Hugo (site title, URL, Hugo options, setup per-folder page features)</li> <li><code>module.yaml</code> to install or uninstall Hugo themes and plugins</li> <li><code>params.yaml</code> to configure Hugo Blox options (SEO, analytics, site features)</li> <li><code>menus.yaml</code> to configure your menu links (if the menu is enabled in <code>params.yaml</code>)</li> <li><code>languages.yaml</code> to configure your site’s language or to set language-specific options in a multilingual site</li> </ul> </li> <li><code>static/uploads/</code> for any files you want visitors to download, such as a PDF</li> <li><code>go.mod</code> sets the version of Hugo themes/plugins which your site uses</li> </ul> <h2 id="hugo-file-naming-convention">Hugo File Naming Convention</h2> <p>Hugo gives us two options to name standard page files: as <code>TITLE/index.md</code> or <code>TITLE.md</code> where <code>TITLE</code> is your page name.</p> <p>The page name should be lowercase and using hyphens (<code>-</code>) instead of spaces.</p> <p>Both approaches result in the same output, so you can choose your preferred approach to naming and organizing files. A benefit to the folder-based approach is that all your page’s files (such as images) are self-contained within the page’s folder, so it’s more portable if you wish to share the original Markdown page with someone.</p> <p>The homepage is a special case as <strong>Hugo requires the homepage and listing pages to be named</strong> <code>_index.md</code>.</p> <h2 id="docs-navigation">Docs Navigation</h2> <p>The docs navigation is automatically generated based on the content in the <code>docs/</code> folder and is sorted alphabetically.</p> <p>The order of pages can be changed by adding the <code>weight</code> parameter in the front matter of your Markdown files.</p> <p>In the example below, the <code>example.md</code> page will appear before the <code>test.md</code> page as it has a lower <code>weight</code>:</p> <p>Page <code>example.md</code>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nn">---</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">My Example</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nt">weight</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nn">---</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p>Page <code>test.md</code>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nn">---</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">My Test</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nt">weight</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nn">---</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> </article> <article> <h1>Configuration</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <p>The configuration of your site can be found in <code>config/_default/</code>.</p> <h2 id="full-documentation">Full Documentation</h2> <p>See </p> <h2 id="navigation">Navigation</h2> <h3 id="menu">Menu</h3> <p>See </p> <h2 id="left-sidebar">Left Sidebar</h2> <p>Links are automatically generated from the structure of your content directory. Simply add a folder to nest a page.</p> <h3 id="extra-links">Extra Links</h3> <p>Additional links can be added under the <code>sidebar</code> section of your <code>config/_default/menus.yaml</code>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nt">menu</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">sidebar</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span>- <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"Need help?"</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">params</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">type</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">separator</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">weight</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span>- <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"A page"</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">pageRef</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"/page-filename-here"</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">weight</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span>- <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"An external link ↗"</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">url</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"https://hugoblox.com"</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">weight</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="right-sidebar">Right Sidebar</h2> <p>A table of contents is automatically generated from the headings your Markdown file.</p> <p>It can optionally be disabled by setting <code>toc: false</code> in the front matter of a page:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nn">---</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">My Page</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nt">toc</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">false</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nn">---</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> </article> <article> <h1>Thermal Property Enhancement of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) by Engineered 2D N-Doped Graphene (N-G) Nanoparticle Support</h1> <p>Sun, 08 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000</p>  <p>Thermal Property Enhancement of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) by Engineered 2D N-Doped Graphene (N-G) Nanoparticle Support</p> <p>·</p> <p>Dr. NILADRI TALUKDER</p> <p>New Jersey Institute of Technology</p> <hr> <h2 id="key-topics">Key Topics</h2> <ul> <li>Phase Change Materials</li> <li>Engineered Nanomaterials</li> <li>Thermal Properties Enhancement</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="intermolecular-interaction">Intermolecular Interaction</h2> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">Mixture</span> <span class="n">Homogenety</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">Molecular</span> <span class="n">Bond</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Altered</span> <span class="n">Vibration</span> <span class="n">Transfer</span> <span class="n">Modes</span> </span></span></code></pre></div>$$ Will be updated after the session $$<hr>  <div style="display: flex; gap: 2rem;"> <div style="flex: 2;"> <h3 id="n-doped-graphene-synthesis">N-doped Graphene Synthesis</h3> <p>Nanoscale High Energy Wet (NHEW) Ball MIlling Technique.</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">Control</span> <span class="n">Parameters</span><span class="p">:</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">Milling</span> <span class="n">Speed</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">Time</span> </span></span></code></pre></div></div> <div style="flex: 1;"> <h3 id="functionality-tuning">Functionality Tuning</h3> <blockquote class="border-l-4 border-neutral-300 dark:border-neutral-600 pl-4 italic text-neutral-600 dark:text-neutral-400 my-6"> <p><strong>Note</strong><br> N-doping ration Chemical functional groups</p> </blockquote> </div> </div> <hr> <h2 id="image--text-layout">Image + Text Layout</h2> <div class="r-hstack" style="align-items: center;"> <div style="flex: 1;"> <p> <figure > <div class="flex justify-center "> <div class="w-full" ></div> </div></figure> </p> </div> <div style="flex: 1; padding-left: 2rem;"> <h3 id="results">Results</h3> <ul> <li>95% accuracy</li> <li>10x faster inference</li> <li>Lower memory usage</li> </ul> <span class="fragment " > <strong>Breakthrough!</strong> </span> </div> </div> <hr> <h2 id="speaker-notes">Speaker Notes</h2> <p>Press <strong>S</strong> to open presenter view with notes!</p> <p>This slide has hidden speaker notes below.</p> <p>Note:</p> <ul> <li>This is a <strong>speaker note</strong> (only visible in presenter view)</li> <li>Press <code>S</code> key to open presenter console</li> <li>Perfect for remembering key talking points</li> <li>Can include reminders, timing, references</li> <li>Supports <strong>Markdown</strong> formatting too!</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="progressive-reveals">Progressive Reveals</h2> <p>Content appears step-by-step:</p> <span class="fragment " > First point appears </span> <span class="fragment " > Then the second point </span> <span class="fragment " > Finally the conclusion </span> <span class="fragment highlight-red" > This one can be <strong>highlighted</strong>! </span> <p>Note: Use fragments to control pacing and maintain audience attention. Each fragment appears on click.</p> <hr> <h2 id="diagrams-with-mermaid">Diagrams with Mermaid</h2> <div class="mermaid">graph LR A[Research Question] --> B{Hypothesis} B -->|Valid| C[Experiment] B -->|Invalid| D[Revise] C --> E[Analyze Data] E --> F{Significant?} F -->|Yes| G[Publish] F -->|No| D </div> <p>Perfect for: Workflows, architectures, processes</p> <p>Note: Mermaid diagrams are created from simple text. They’re version-controllable and edit anywhere!</p> <hr> <h2 id="research-results">Research Results</h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Model</th> <th>Accuracy</th> <th>Speed</th> <th>Memory</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Baseline</td> <td>87.3%</td> <td>1.0x</td> <td>2GB</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ours (v1)</td> <td>92.1%</td> <td>1.5x</td> <td>1.8GB</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Ours (v2)</strong></td> <td><strong>95.8%</strong></td> <td><strong>2.3x</strong></td> <td><strong>1.2GB</strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <blockquote class="border-l-4 border-neutral-300 dark:border-neutral-600 pl-4 italic text-neutral-600 dark:text-neutral-400 my-6"> <p><strong>Key Finding:</strong> 8.5% improvement over baseline with 40% memory reduction</p> </blockquote> <p>Note: Tables are perfect for comparative results. Markdown tables are simple and version-control friendly.</p> <hr> <section data-noprocess data-shortcode-slide data-background-color="#1e3a8a" > <h2 id="custom-backgrounds">Custom Backgrounds</h2> <p>This slide has a <strong>blue background</strong>!</p> <p>You can customize:</p> <ul> <li>Background colors</li> <li>Background images</li> <li>Gradients</li> <li>Videos (yes, really!)</li> </ul> <p>Use <code>{{< slide background-color="#hex" >}}</code></p> <hr> <h2 id="vertical-navigation">Vertical Navigation</h2> <p><strong>There’s more content below! ⬇️</strong></p> <p>Press the <strong>Down Arrow</strong> to see substeps.</p> <p>Note: This demonstrates Reveal.js’s vertical slide feature. Great for optional details or deep dives.</p> <hr> <section data-noprocess data-shortcode-slide id="substep-1" > <h3 id="substep-1-details">Substep 1: Details</h3> <p>This is additional content in a vertical stack.</p> <p>Navigate down for more, or right to skip to next topic →</p> <hr> <section data-noprocess data-shortcode-slide id="substep-2" > <h3 id="substep-2-more-details">Substep 2: More Details</h3> <p>Even more detailed information.</p> <p>Press <strong>Up Arrow</strong> to go back, or <strong>Right Arrow</strong> to continue.</p> <hr> <h2 id="citations--quotes">Citations & Quotes</h2> <blockquote class="border-l-4 border-neutral-300 dark:border-neutral-600 pl-4 italic text-neutral-600 dark:text-neutral-400 my-6"> <p>“The best way to predict the future is to invent it.”</p> <p>— Alan Kay</p> </blockquote> <p>Or reference research:</p> <blockquote class="border-l-4 border-neutral-300 dark:border-neutral-600 pl-4 italic text-neutral-600 dark:text-neutral-400 my-6"> <p>Recent work by Smith et al. (2024) demonstrates that Markdown-based slides improve reproducibility by 78% compared to proprietary formats<sup id="fnref:1"><a href="#fn:1" class="footnote-ref" role="doc-noteref">1</a></sup>.</p> </blockquote> <hr> <h2 id="media-youtube-videos">Media: YouTube Videos</h2> <div style="position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden;"> </div> <p>Note: Embed YouTube videos with just the video ID. Perfect for demos, tutorials, or interviews.</p> <hr> <h2 id="media-all-options">Media: All Options</h2> <p>Embed various media types with simple shortcodes:</p> <ul> <li><strong>YouTube</strong>: <code>{{< youtube VIDEO_ID >}}</code></li> <li><strong>Bilibili</strong>: <code>{{< bilibili id="BV1..." >}}</code></li> <li><strong>Local videos</strong>: <code>{{< video src="file.mp4" controls="yes" >}}</code></li> <li><strong>Audio</strong>: <code>{{< audio src="file.mp3" >}}</code></li> </ul> <p>Perfect for demos, interviews, tutorials, or podcasts!</p> <p>Note: All media types work seamlessly in slides. Just use the appropriate shortcode.</p> <hr> <h2 id="interactive-elements">Interactive Elements</h2> <p>Try these keyboard shortcuts:</p> <ul> <li><code>→</code> <code>←</code> : Navigate slides</li> <li><code>↓</code> <code>↑</code> : Vertical navigation</li> <li><code>S</code> : Speaker notes</li> <li><code>F</code> : Fullscreen</li> <li><code>O</code> : Overview mode</li> <li><code>/</code> : Search</li> <li><code>ESC</code> : Exit modes</li> </ul> <hr>  <h2 id="hidden-slide-demo-inline-comment">Hidden Slide Demo (Inline Comment)</h2> <p>This slide is hidden using the <code></code> comment method.</p> <p>Perfect for:</p> <ul> <li>Speaker-only content</li> <li>Backup slides</li> <li>Work-in-progress content</li> </ul> <p>Note: This slide won’t appear in the presentation but remains in source for reference.</p> <hr> <h2 id="thanks">Thanks</h2> <h3 id="questions">Questions?</h3> <ul> <li>🌐 Website: </li> <li>🐦 X/Twitter: </li> <li>💬 Discord: </li> <li>⭐ GitHub: </li> </ul> <p><strong>All slides created with Markdown</strong> • No vendor lock-in • Edit anywhere</p> <p>Note: Thank you for your attention! Feel free to reach out with questions or contributions.</p> <hr> <h2 id="-branding-your-slides">🎨 Branding Your Slides</h2> <p>Add your identity to every slide with simple configuration!</p> <p><strong>What you can add:</strong></p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Element</th> <th>Position Options</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Logo</td> <td>top-left, top-right, bottom-left, bottom-right</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Title</td> <td>Same as above</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Author</td> <td>Same as above</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Footer Text</td> <td>Same + bottom-center</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Edit the <code>branding:</code> section in your slide’s front matter (top of file).</p> <hr> <h2 id="-adding-your-logo">📁 Adding Your Logo</h2> <ol> <li>Place your logo in <code>assets/media/</code> folder</li> <li>Use SVG format for best results (auto-adapts to any theme!)</li> <li>Add to front matter:</li> </ol> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nt">branding</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">logo</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">filename</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"your-logo.svg"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c"># Must be in assets/media/</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">position</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"top-right"</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">width</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"60px"</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Tip:</strong> SVGs with <code>fill="currentColor"</code> automatically match theme colors!</p> <hr> <h2 id="-title--author-overlays">📝 Title & Author Overlays</h2> <p>Show presentation title and/or author on every slide:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nt">branding</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">show</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">position</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"bottom-left"</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">text</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"Short Title"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c"># Optional: override long page title</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">author</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">show</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">position</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"bottom-right"</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p>Author is auto-detected from page front matter (<code>author:</code> or <code>authors:</code>).</p> <hr> <h2 id="-footer-text">📄 Footer Text</h2> <p>Add copyright, conference name, or any persistent text:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nt">branding</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">footer</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">text</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"© 2024 Your Name · ICML 2024"</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">position</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"bottom-center"</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Tip:</strong> Supports Markdown! Use <code>[Link](url)</code> for clickable links.</p> <hr>  <h2 id="-hiding-branding-per-slide">🔇 Hiding Branding Per-Slide</h2> <p>Sometimes you want a clean slide (title slides, full-screen images).</p> <p>Add this comment at the <strong>start</strong> of your slide content:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="gu">## My Clean Slide </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">Content here... </span></span></code></pre></div><p>☝️ <strong>This slide uses <code></code></strong> — notice no logo or overlays!</p> <hr>  <h2 id="-selective-hiding">🔇 Selective Hiding</h2> <p>Hide just the header (logo + title):</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span></code></pre></div><p>Or just the footer (author + footer text):</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span></code></pre></div><p>☝️ <strong>This slide uses <code></code></strong> — footer still visible below!</p> <hr>  <h2 id="-quick-reference">✅ Quick Reference</h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Comment</th> <th>Hides</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code></code></td> <td>Everything (logo, title, author, footer)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code></code></td> <td>Logo + Title overlay</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code></code></td> <td>Author + Footer text</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>☝️ <strong>This slide uses <code></code></strong> — logo still visible above!</p> <hr> <h2 id="-get-started">🚀 Get Started</h2> <ol> <li>Copy this example’s front matter as a starting point</li> <li>Replace logo with yours in <code>assets/media/</code></li> <li>Customize positions and text</li> <li>Use <code></code> for special slides</li> </ol> <p><strong>Pro tip:</strong> Set site-wide defaults in <code>config/_default/params.yaml</code> under <code>slides.branding</code>!</p> <p>–></p> <div class="footnotes" role="doc-endnotes"> <hr> <ol> <li id="fn:1"> <p>Smith, J. et al. (2024). <em>Open Science Presentations</em>. Nature Methods. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p> </li> </ol> </div> </article> <article> <h1>Materials Characterization</h1> <p>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h2 id="techniques">Techniques:</h2> <p>Raman, FT-IR, XPS, XRD, EDX, SEM, TEM. Used for structural, chemical, thermal, and morphological characterization of advanced materials for electrochemical and thermal energy systems.</p> <h3 id="materials-characterization-techniques--instrumentation">Materials Characterization Techniques & Instrumentation:</h3> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Raman spectroscopy</strong> - Performed Raman analysis to evaluate graphitic structure, defect density, and doping effects in graphene-based materials; interpreted D, G, and 2D band features to assess structural quality and material evolution during synthesis and processing.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>FTIR spectroscopy</strong> - Used FTIR to identify functional groups and chemical bonding in nanomaterials and composite systems; applied to monitor surface functionalization and chemical interactions between nanomaterials and host matrices.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)</strong> - Conducted XPS analysis to determine surface elemental composition, bonding states, and nitrogen doping configurations in carbon-based materials; used for surface chemistry evaluation and catalyst active-site analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>X-ray diffraction (XRD)</strong> - Applied XRD to characterize crystal structure, phase composition, and structural evolution of nanomaterials including MOFs and graphitic materials; used to assess crystallinity and phase stability after synthesis or thermal treatment.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)</strong> - Utilized SEM to examine surface morphology, particle size, and microstructural features of nanomaterials and composite systems; supported structural analysis and morphology–performance correlations.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)</strong> - Performed TEM imaging to investigate nanoscale structure, lattice features, and dispersion of nanomaterials within composite systems; used to evaluate particle morphology and structural integrity.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)</strong> - Applied EDS elemental mapping and compositional analysis to confirm elemental distribution and composition in synthesized nanomaterials and composites.</p> </li> </ul> <h3 id="materials-characterized">Materials Characterized:</h3> <ul> <li><em>Graphene, Graphene Oxide (GO), Nitrogen-doped Graphene (N-G)</em></li> <li><em>Metal-organic Frameworks (MOF)</em></li> <li><em>MXenes</em></li> <li><em>Phase Change Materials (PCMs)</em></li> <li><em>Composite materials</em></li> </ul> </article> <article> <h1>Thermal Property Enhancement of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) by Engineered 2D N-Doped Graphene (N-G) Nanoparticle Support</h1> <p>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000</p>    </article> <article> <h1>Carbon-based nanomaterials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems</h1> <p>Wed, 21 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h2 id="project-description">Project Description:</h2> <p>This project focuses on the synthesis and characterization of <strong>nitrogen-doped graphene</strong> and <strong>metal–organic framework (MOF)</strong> based nanomaterials for advanced electrochemical energy systems. The research explores graphene-derived nanomaterials as <strong>heterogeneous catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)</strong> and as <strong>battery electrode materials</strong> for next-generation energy storage technologies.</p> <p>Nitrogen doping and integration with porous MOF structures are employed <strong>to tune the electronic structure, active sites, and surface chemistry of the nanomaterials.</strong> These modifications aim to <strong>improve current density, onset potential, catalytic activity, and long-term material stability in electrochemical systems.</strong> The project also investigates the potential of these materials to enhance volumetric efficiency and electrochemical performance in battery electrodes and catalytic energy devices. Through systematic synthesis, advanced materials characterization, and electrochemical evaluation, this research contributes to the development of <strong>cost-effective, high-performance nanomaterials for sustainable energy conversion and storage applications.</strong></p> </article> <article> <h1>Electrochemical Tests - Catalyst & Electrode</h1> <p>Fri, 21 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h2 id="techniques">Techniques:</h2> <p>LSV, CV (long-term stability test), EIS, Electrochemical workstation, etc. used to evaluate catalyst and electrode performance for related electrochemical systems.</p> <h3 id="electrochemical-characterization--testing-techniques-skiils">Electrochemical Characterization & Testing Techniques Skiils:</h3> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Rotating disk electrode (RDE)</strong> - Used RDE techniques to evaluate electrocatalytic activity and reaction kinetics by controlling hydrodynamic conditions. Applied for studying oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance and separating kinetic and mass-transport effects in catalyst materials.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE)</strong> - Experienced with RRDE measurements to investigate reaction pathways and quantify intermediates during electrocatalytic reactions. Used to determine electron transfer number and peroxide yield for evaluating catalyst selectivity and efficiency.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV)</strong> - Utilized LSV to assess catalytic activity, determine onset potentials, and analyze reaction kinetics of electrode materials. Applied in evaluating electrochemical performance of nanomaterial-based catalysts and energy storage electrodes.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Cyclic voltammetry (CV)</strong> - Performed CV measurements to study redox behavior, electrochemical reversibility, and active surface characteristics of electrode materials. Used to evaluate long-term performance stability and reaction mechanisms in energy-related materials.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Electrochemical workstation for Fuel cell and Battery testing</strong> - Experienced in operating potentiostat/galvanostat systems for electrochemical testing of electrode materials and devices. Conducted performance evaluation, charge–discharge testing, and durability studies for electrochemical energy systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)</strong> - Applied EIS to analyze charge-transfer resistance, ion transport, and interfacial processes in electrochemical systems. Used impedance analysis to diagnose performance limitations and degradation behavior in electrode materials and devices.</p> </li> </ul> <h3 id="focus-areas-for-electrochemical-evaluations">Focus areas for Electrochemical Evaluations:</h3> <ul> <li>Electrocatalytic reaction analysis (e.g., ORR activity and catalyst performance)</li> <li>Stability, durability, and degradation mechanism assessment in electrochemical energy systems</li> <li>Electrochemical performance evaluation including current density, onset potential, and polarization behavior</li> <li>Electrochemical performance evaluation of electrode materials for batteries and fuel cells</li> <li>Structure–property–performance correlation in electrochemical energy materials</li> </ul> </article> <article> <h1>⚡️ PhD Dissertation Defense - Success!</h1> <p>Thu, 13 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000</p> <p>During my Ph.D. research, I had the opportunity to explore a fascinating area of materials science: the development of <strong>nitrogen-doped graphene (N-G) and N-G/MOF nanocatalysts</strong> as sustainable alternatives to precious metal catalysts for electrochemical energy systems. My dissertation, titled <strong>“Material Degradation and Analysis of N-Doped Graphene/MOF Nanocatalysts for ORR in Electrochemical Energy Systems,”</strong> focuses on understanding how these advanced carbon-based materials behave during catalytic reactions.</p> <p>The central question guiding this work was simple but important: <strong>how can we design efficient, durable, and affordable catalysts that can replace expensive precious metals like platinum?</strong></p> <p>To explore this, I investigated the relationships between <strong>material synthesis, structure, and catalytic performance.</strong> A major focus of the research was understanding how different <strong>nitrogen functional groups in graphene</strong> influence the catalytic activity of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which plays a key role in technologies such as fuel cells and metal–air batteries.</p> <p>Through a combination of <strong>material synthesis, structural characterization, and electrochemical testing,</strong> I examined how the integration of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with nitrogen-doped graphene modifies the electronic structure and catalytic active sites. Techniques such as <strong>linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV)</strong> helped reveal how these materials perform under different electrochemical environments, including both alkaline and acidic conditions.</p> <p>Another important aspect of the research involved understanding <strong>material durability.</strong> In real electrochemical systems, catalysts can degrade over time due to reactive species such as <strong>hydrogen peroxide and related oxidative intermediates.</strong> My work investigated how these species affect catalyst stability and how the structure of materials such as <strong>ZIF-8-derived components</strong> behaves in aqueous electrochemical environments.</p> <p>Overall, this research helped clarify several key aspects of <strong>structure–performance relationships in carbon-based nanocatalysts</strong>, offering insights that can guide the design of more efficient and durable catalyst materials.</p> <p>Looking ahead, I am excited to continue working on <strong>next-generation electrochemical materials for sustainable energy systems.</strong> My future interests include scalable catalyst synthesis, durability engineering, and structure-driven performance optimization for technologies such as <strong>fuel cells, batteries, and other clean energy systems.</strong></p> <p>Ultimately, my goal is to contribute to the development of <strong>high-performance and cost-effective alternatives to precious metal catalysts,</strong> helping accelerate the transition toward more sustainable and widely deployable energy technologies.</p> <p><strong>Happy to research and work toward a sustainable future! 🌱⚡</strong></p> <details class="print:hidden xl:hidden" open> <summary>Table of Contents</summary> <div class="text-sm"> <nav id="TableOfContents"></nav> </div> </details>  </article> <article> <h1>Thermal Analysis and Energy Storage Materials</h1> <p>Sun, 26 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h2 id="thermal-analysis-techniques">Thermal Analysis Techniques:</h2> <p>DSC, TGA, T-history, Guarded Hot Plate, etc. used to evaluate and optimize phase change materials and thermally functional composites for energy storage and thermal management applications.</p> <h3 id="tools-and-methods">Tools and methods</h3> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)</strong> - Performed DSC measurements to determine phase transition temperatures, latent heat, and thermal cycling behavior of phase change materials and composite systems; used to evaluate thermal storage performance and material stability.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)</strong> - Utilized TGA to analyze thermal stability, decomposition behavior, and compositional changes of nanomaterials and composite materials under controlled heating environments.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>T-History Method</strong> - Applied the T-history technique to evaluate phase change temperature, latent heat, and thermal behavior of PCM formulations under controlled cooling and heating conditions. Used for comparative analysis and validation of thermal energy storage performance in modified versus baseline materials.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Guarded Hot Plate Method</strong> - Utilized the guarded hot plate method to measure thermal conductivity of PCM composites and insulating materials under steady-state heat transfer conditions. Applied for assessing the impact of nanomaterial additives and composite formulations on thermal transport properties.</p> </li> </ul> <h3 id="areas-of-expertise">Areas of expertise</h3> <ul> <li>Latent heat analysis</li> <li>Melting/freezing behavior</li> <li>Thermal cycling stability</li> <li>Thermal conductivity enhancement</li> <li>PCM formulation design</li> <li>Eutectic system design</li> <li>Nano-enhanced thermal materials</li> </ul> </article> <article> <h1>🔬🧪👩‍🔬📈 Collaboration with Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), NY, USA.</h1> <p>Sat, 25 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000</p> <p>Scientific discovery often grows stronger through collaboration. During my Ph.D. research, I had the opportunity to work on several collaborative projects with scientists at the <strong>Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL)</strong> in New York, USA.</p> <p>The CFN is a U.S. Department of Energy user facility that provides advanced characterization tools and scientific expertise for nanoscience research. Through this collaboration, I was able to investigate the structural and chemical properties of advanced nanomaterials using high-end facilities that are rarely available in standard laboratory environments.</p> <p>These collaborative projects focused on understanding the <strong>structure–function relationships of nitrogen-doped graphene and metal–organic framework (MOF) based nanomaterials</strong>, particularly for electrochemical catalysis and thermal energy applications.</p> <h3 id="the-value-of-national-laboratory-collaboration">The Value of National Laboratory Collaboration</h3> <p>Working with a national laboratory such as BNL offers a unique research environment. The collaboration allowed our research team to combine:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Academic research at <strong>NJIT’s Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>Advanced characterization facilities at <strong>CFN</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>Scientific discussions with experts specializing in nanomaterials and surface science</p> </li> </ul> <p>This environment enabled us to explore fundamental scientific questions about nanomaterials that would otherwise be difficult to investigate.</p> <p>Beyond instrumentation, the collaboration fostered an atmosphere of <strong>scientific exchange, mentorship, and interdisciplinary problem solving.</strong></p> <h3 id="research-themes-of-the-collaboration">Research Themes of the Collaboration</h3> <p>My collaborative work at CFN mainly focused on <strong>nitrogen-doped graphene (N-G) and metal–organic framework (MOF) based nanocatalysts.</strong> These materials are promising candidates for energy technologies because of their tunable structure and catalytic activity.</p> <p>The key research topics I worked on include the following.</p> <h3 id="1-durability-of-n-gmof-catalysts-for-oxygen-reduction-reaction">1. Durability of N-G/MOF Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction</h3> <p>One of the major projects focused on evaluating the <strong>durability of highly active MOF-modified nitrogen-doped graphene catalysts</strong> for the <strong>oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)</strong>, a critical reaction in fuel cells and metal–air batteries.</p> <p>This work aimed to understand how the catalyst structure evolves during long-term electrochemical operation and how structural degradation influences catalytic performance.</p> <h3 id="2-evolution-of-nitrogen-functional-groups-in-n-gmof-composites">2. Evolution of Nitrogen Functional Groups in N-G/MOF Composites</h3> <p>Another key research question involved <strong>quantifying the changes in nitrogen functional groups</strong> when a metal–organic framework structure such as ZIF-8 is integrated with nitrogen-doped graphene.</p> <p>Nitrogen functionalities—such as pyridinic, pyrrolic, and graphitic nitrogen—play a significant role in determining catalytic activity. Understanding how these groups evolve during material synthesis helps clarify the origin of catalytic performance.</p> <h3 id="3-structural-evolution-of-catalytic-active-sites">3. Structural Evolution of Catalytic Active Sites</h3> <p>In addition to quantifying nitrogen groups, our work also investigated the <strong>chemical structural evolution of catalytic active sites</strong> formed during the integration of N-G and MOF materials.</p> <p>By combining synthesis and advanced characterization, we examined how the interaction between graphene structures and MOF-derived components leads to the formation of new catalytic sites.</p> <p>This insight is essential for designing more efficient <strong>non-precious metal catalysts</strong> for electrochemical energy systems.</p> <h3 id="4-identification-of-catalytic-sites-in-n-gmof-nanocatalysts">4. Identification of Catalytic Sites in N-G/MOF Nanocatalysts</h3> <p>Another focus of the collaboration was to investigate the <strong>nature and distribution of catalytic active sites</strong> within N-G/MOF nanocatalysts.</p> <p>Advanced characterization techniques helped us examine how different structural features—such as nitrogen configurations, carbon structure, and MOF-derived components—contribute to catalytic activity.</p> <p>These studies contribute to the broader effort of replacing expensive platinum-based catalysts with <strong>sustainable carbon-based alternatives.</strong></p> <h3 id="5-nanomaterials-for-enhancing-phase-change-materials-pcm">5. Nanomaterials for Enhancing Phase Change Materials (PCM)</h3> <p>Beyond electrocatalysis, our collaboration also explored the use of <strong>nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials and MOFs as additives for phase change materials (PCMs).</strong></p> <p>PCMs are widely used for <strong>thermal energy storage and temperature regulation.</strong> By integrating nanomaterials with PCMs, we investigated ways to enhance properties such as:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Thermal conductivity</p> </li> <li> <p>Energy storage efficiency</p> </li> <li> <p>Material stability</p> </li> </ul> <p>This work connects nanomaterial science with <strong>thermal energy management technologies.</strong></p> <h3 id="learning-from-the-cfn-research-environment">Learning from the CFN Research Environment</h3> <p>Working with scientists at CFN provided valuable exposure to advanced research practices. The experience allowed me to:</p> <p>– Conduct experiments using state-of-the-art characterization tools</p> <p>– Collaborate with experts in nanomaterials and surface chemistry</p> <p>– Interpret complex structural and spectroscopic data</p> <p>– Connect fundamental material properties with device-level performance</p> <p>These collaborations also strengthened the scientific foundation of several publications and ongoing research projects.</p> <h3 id="personal-reflection">Personal Reflection</h3> <p>My experience collaborating with Brookhaven National Laboratory has been one of the most rewarding aspects of my doctoral research journey. The collaboration not only expanded the scope of our research but also provided valuable insights into how large-scale research facilities operate.</p> <p>Working alongside scientists from different disciplines and institutions reinforced an important lesson in research: <strong>breakthrough discoveries often emerge from collaborative efforts that combine diverse expertise and resources.</strong></p> <h3 id="my-thoughts-on-collaboration-with-bnl">My Thoughts on Collaboration with BNL</h3> <p>Collaborative research at national laboratories plays a crucial role in advancing modern science. My work with the <strong>Center for Functional Nanomaterials at Brookhaven National Laboratory</strong> allowed me to explore the complex chemistry and structure of advanced nanomaterials while contributing to the development of technologies for <strong>energy conversion and thermal energy storage.</strong></p> <p>These experiences continue to shape my approach to research, emphasizing both <strong>fundamental understanding and practical application of advanced materials.</strong></p> </article> <article> <h1>Current Progress in Advanced Functional Membranes for Water-Pollutant Removal: A Critical Review</h1> <p>Thu, 02 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000</p>  </article> <article> <h1>Materials Synthesis</h1> <p>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h2 id="techniques">Techniques:</h2> <p>Ball milling (wet and dry), Annealing, Thermal treatment, Sonication, solvo-chemical, etc. used for synthesizing and optimizing carbon-based nanomaterials, composite catalysts, and thermal-storage materials through scalable and research-oriented methods.</p> <h3 id="materials-synthesis--processing-methods">Materials Synthesis & Processing Methods:</h3> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Ball Milling</strong> - Applied high-energy ball milling for the synthesis and structural modification of nanomaterials, including nitrogen-doped graphene and MOF-derived composites; used to promote nanoscale mixing, defect engineering, and scalable composite formation.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Sonication (Ultrasonication)</strong> - Utilized ultrasonication for dispersion, exfoliation, and homogenization of nanomaterials in liquid media; applied to achieve uniform nanoparticle distribution in composite and suspension systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Solvothermal / Solution-Based Processing</strong> - Performed solution-phase synthesis and processing to prepare nanomaterials and composite precursors under controlled chemical environments; used to facilitate controlled nucleation, growth, and functionalization of materials.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Thermal Treatment</strong> - Conducted controlled heat treatments to induce structural transformation, carbonization, or phase evolution in nanomaterials; used to tailor material properties such as graphitization, porosity, and catalytic activity.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Annealing</strong> - Applied thermal annealing under controlled atmospheres to improve crystallinity, remove defects, and stabilize material structures following synthesis or processing.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Plasma Treatment</strong> - Utilized plasma treatment for surface activation and modification of materials to enhance surface chemistry, interfacial bonding, or functionalization.</p> </li> </ul> <h3 id="materials-worked-on">Materials worked on</h3> <ul> <li><em>Graphene</em></li> <li><em>Nitrogen-doped graphene</em></li> <li><em>MOFs (including ZIF-8)</em></li> <li><em>N-G/MOF composites</em></li> <li><em>N-G/MXene composites</em></li> <li><em>Nano-enhanced phase change materials (PCMs)</em></li> <li><em>Bio-based PCM systems</em></li> </ul> </article> <article> <h1>Data Analysis and Research Development</h1> <p>Sat, 12 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h2 id="data-analysis-and-research-development">Data Analysis and Research Development</h2> <p>Experienced in planning, executing, and interpreting structured experimental studies for advanced materials research and technology development.</p> <h3 id="data-analysis-software-and-tools">Data Analysis Software and Tools</h3> <p>Here are a few software platforms that I regularly use for data processing, visualization, and interpretation:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Microsoft Excel</strong> – data organization, statistical calculations, plotting, and trend analysis</li> <li><strong>OriginPro</strong> – scientific data analysis, curve fitting, peak analysis, and publication-quality graphs</li> <li><strong>MATLAB</strong> – numerical analysis, modeling, and processing of experimental datasets</li> <li><strong>Python</strong> – data analysis and visualization using scientific libraries (e.g., NumPy, Matplotlib, Pandas)</li> <li><strong>OMNIC</strong> – analysis of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy data and spectral interpretation</li> <li><strong>CasaXPS</strong> – detailed analysis and peak fitting of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data</li> <li><strong>CHI 700E</strong> - collection and analysis of CV and LSV data from the Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode (RRDE) systems.</li> </ul> <h3 id="research-data-interpretation">Research Data Interpretation</h3> <p>Through systematic analysis and visualization of experimental data, I aim to:</p> <ul> <li>Identify relationships between <strong>material structure and functional performance</strong></li> <li>Evaluate catalyst activity and degradation mechanisms</li> <li>Interpret spectroscopic signatures of chemical bonding and functional groups</li> <li>Quantify thermal properties and phase change behavior of materials</li> <li>Validate reproducibility and reliability of experimental results</li> </ul> <p>These analytical capabilities support the development of <strong>advanced materials for electrochemical energy systems, thermal energy storage technologies, and nanomaterial-based functional devices.</strong></p> <h3 id="research-development-and-documentation">Research, Development, and Documentation</h3> <p>In addition to data analysis, I apply these skills in broader research development activities, including:</p> <ul> <li>Designing controlled experimental studies</li> <li>Developing data analysis workflows</li> <li>Preparing scientific figures and graphical abstracts</li> <li>Writing journal manuscripts and technical reports</li> <li>Communicating research findings through presentations and publications</li> </ul> </article> <article> <h1>🎉 NSF I-Corps Journey - Go out and know the Market</h1> <p>Mon, 02 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000</p> <p>Welcome 👋</p> <details class="print:hidden xl:hidden" open> <summary>Table of Contents</summary> <div class="text-sm"> <nav id="TableOfContents"> <ul> <li><a href="#overview">Overview</a> <ul> <li><a href="#what-is-nsf-i-corps">What is NSF I-Corps?</a></li> <li><a href="#our-technology-neo-pcm">Our Technology: NEO-PCM</a></li> <li><a href="#customer-discovery-talking-to-the-market">Customer Discovery: Talking to the Market</a></li> <li><a href="#building-a-business-model">Building a Business Model</a></li> <li><a href="#lessons-from-the-i-corps-experience">Lessons from the I-Corps Experience</a></li> <li><a href="#impact-on-my-research-perspective">Impact on My Research Perspective</a></li> <li><a href="#my-takeaways">My Takeaways</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </details> <h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> <p>Academic research often focuses on scientific discovery and technological advancement. However, translating a laboratory innovation into a real-world product requires a deep understanding of market needs, industry challenges, and potential customers. My participation in the <strong>National Science Foundation (NSF) I-Corps Program</strong> provided a unique opportunity to bridge this gap.</p> <p>As the <strong>Entrepreneurial Lead (EL)</strong> of our team, I worked alongside my research supervisor and industry collaborators to explore the commercialization potential of our technology: <strong>Nano-Carbon Enhanced Optimizable Phase Change Materials (NEO-PCM)</strong>. The program challenged us to step outside the laboratory and engage directly with industry professionals to understand how our technology could create real value.</p> <h3 id="what-is-nsf-i-corps">What is NSF I-Corps?</h3> <p>The <strong>NSF Innovation Corps (I-Corps)</strong> program is designed to help researchers evaluate the commercial potential of their technologies. Unlike traditional academic training, the program emphasizes <strong>customer discovery, market validation, and entrepreneurial thinking.</strong></p> <p>One of the core principles of I-Corps is simple but powerful:</p> <p><strong>“Get out of the building.”</strong></p> <p>Instead of assuming who the customers are, teams must go out and talk to them.</p> <h3 id="our-technology-neo-pcm">Our Technology: NEO-PCM</h3> <p>Our project focuses on <strong>Nano-Carbon Enhanced Optimizable Phase Change Materials (NEO-PCM)</strong>. These advanced materials are designed to improve thermal energy storage and temperature regulation in various applications, including:</p> <ul> <li>👉 Cold-chain logistics and pharmaceutical storage</li> <li>👉 HVAC and building energy efficiency</li> <li>👉 Electronics cooling and thermal management</li> <li>👉 Sustainable packaging and temperature-controlled shipping</li> </ul> <p>By incorporating <strong>functional nano-carbon materials</strong>, the NEO-PCM technology aims to improve thermal conductivity, stability, and overall energy efficiency.</p> <h3 id="customer-discovery-talking-to-the-market">Customer Discovery: Talking to the Market</h3> <p>A major component of the I-Corps program is <strong>customer discovery interviews</strong>. As the team’s Entrepreneurial Lead, I conducted <strong>more than 100 interviews</strong> with professionals across multiple industries.</p> <p>These conversations included:</p> <ul> <li>💬 Industry engineers and technology managers</li> <li>💬 Supply chain and cold-chain logistics experts</li> <li>💬 Packaging and insulation companies</li> <li>💬 Energy and HVAC specialists</li> <li>💬 Investors and commercialization experts</li> </ul> <p>The purpose of these interviews was not to sell our technology, but rather to listen and learn. Each discussion helped us understand:</p> <ul> <li>💡 The real problems companies face</li> <li>💡 Current technological limitations</li> <li>💡 Market gaps and unmet needs</li> <li>💡 Decision-making processes in industry</li> </ul> <p>This process fundamentally reshaped our assumptions about the market.</p> <h3 id="building-a-business-model">Building a Business Model</h3> <p>Another critical component of the I-Corps journey was the development of a <strong>Business Model Canvas (BMC)</strong>. The BMC framework helped us organize our understanding of the commercialization pathway by identifying key elements such as:</p> <ul> <li>Customer segments</li> <li>Value propositions</li> <li>Key partners</li> <li>Distribution channels</li> <li>Cost structure and revenue streams</li> </ul> <p>By iteratively refining the business model based on feedback from interviews, we gradually aligned our technology with <strong>real industry needs rather than hypothetical assumptions</strong>.</p> <h3 id="lessons-from-the-i-corps-experience">Lessons from the I-Corps Experience</h3> <p>Participating in the NSF I-Corps program taught me several valuable lessons about technology commercialization:</p> <p><strong>1. Technology alone is not enough</strong></p> <p>Even a strong scientific innovation must solve a clearly defined problem for customers.</p> <p><strong>2. The market defines value</strong></p> <p>The perceived value of a technology depends on the needs and priorities of industry stakeholders.</p> <p><strong>3. Listening is more important than pitching</strong></p> <p>Customer discovery is about learning from conversations, not convincing people.</p> <p><strong>4. Iteration is essential</strong></p> <p>Assumptions must constantly be tested and refined as new information emerges.</p> <h3 id="impact-on-my-research-perspective">Impact on My Research Perspective</h3> <p>The I-Corps experience significantly broadened my perspective as a researcher. It highlighted the importance of connecting <strong>fundamental research with real-world applications and market demand</strong>.</p> <p>Rather than viewing commercialization as a separate activity, I now see it as a complementary process that can guide research directions and accelerate the adoption of new technologies.</p> <h3 id="my-takeaways">My Takeaways</h3> <p>The NSF I-Corps journey was an invaluable experience that allowed me to explore the intersection of <strong>research, innovation, and entrepreneurship</strong>. By conducting over 100 industry interviews and developing a structured business model for NEO-PCM technology, our team gained a clearer understanding of how advanced materials can transition from laboratory research to impactful real-world solutions.</p> <p>For researchers interested in bringing their innovations to market, the key takeaway from I-Corps is simple:</p> <p><strong>Go out, talk to people, and truly understand the problem you are trying to solve.</strong></p>  </article> <article> <h1>👩🏼‍🏫 Blog Post - Materials Characterization Series; Raman Spectroscopy</h1> <p>Fri, 25 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h2 id="the-first-time-i-saw-a-raman-spectrum">The First Time I Saw a Raman Spectrum</h2> <p>During my Ph.D. research, I spent many hours working with different nanomaterials, including <strong>graphene, nitrogen-doped graphene, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), N-G/MOF composites, and phase change materials (PCMs).</strong> Among the many characterization techniques I used, <strong>Raman spectroscopy always felt special.</strong></p> <p>I still remember the excitement when I collected my first Raman spectrum of a Nitrogen-doped Graphene catalyst. After focusing the laser onto the sample and running the scan, a set of peaks appeared on the screen. These peaks were not just random signals—they were the fingerprints of the material’s atomic structure.</p> <p>What fascinated me the most was the idea behind these peaks.</p> <p>They appear because of <strong>phonons</strong>, which are the <strong>quantized vibrations of atoms in a crystal lattice</strong>. In other words, the atoms inside the material are vibrating, and the laser light interacts with those vibrations. The spectrum we observe is essentially <strong>a conversation between light and atomic motion.</strong></p> <p>At that moment, it almost felt mysterious—like seeing something invisible suddenly reveal itself - A ghost!! Ha ha … …</p> <p>By the way, let’s have a deep dive into the fundamentals at this point.</p> <h2 id="light-energy-and-vibrations">Light, Energy, and Vibrations</h2> <p>To understand Raman spectroscopy, we need to think about how light interacts with matter.</p> <p>When a monochromatic laser beam hits a material, most of the photons are scattered without losing energy. This is called <strong>Rayleigh scattering</strong>. However, a very small fraction of the light interacts with the vibrational energy of the atoms in the material.</p> <p>During this interaction, the scattered photon may:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Lose energy to the lattice vibration (Stokes scattering), or</p> </li> <li> <p>Gain energy from an already excited vibration (anti-Stokes scattering).</p> </li> </ul> <p>The energy difference between the incoming and scattered light corresponds exactly to the <strong>vibrational modes of the material</strong>. These energy differences appear as <strong>peaks in the Raman spectrum.</strong></p> <p>When I first learned this, I was amazed: the peaks I saw on the computer screen were actually signatures of atomic vibrations occurring inside the material.</p> <h2 id="why-graphene-raman-spectra-are-so-special">Why Graphene Raman Spectra Are So Special</h2> <p>Graphene is one of the most fascinating materials to study with Raman spectroscopy because its spectrum reveals a lot about its structure.</p> <p>A typical graphene Raman spectrum contains several important peaks, including:</p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>G peak (~1580 cm⁻¹)</strong> This peak corresponds to the in-plane vibration of sp² carbon atoms.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>D peak (~1350 cm⁻¹)</strong> This peak appears when defects are present in the graphene structure.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>2D peak (~2700 cm⁻¹)</strong> This peak is related to second-order phonon scattering and provides information about the number of graphene layers.</p> </li> </ul> <p>Each peak tells a story about the material. By analyzing these peaks, we can learn about:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Structural defects</p> </li> <li> <p>Degree of graphitization</p> </li> <li> <p>Layer thickness</p> </li> <li> <p>Doping effects</p> </li> <li> <p>Structural disorder</p> </li> </ul> <p>For a researcher working with graphene-based materials, Raman spectroscopy becomes almost like a <strong>diagnostic tool for the atomic structure.</strong></p> <h2 id="watching-the-structure-change">Watching the Structure Change</h2> <p>During my experiments, I collected Raman spectra for many materials:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Graphene oxide (GO)</p> </li> <li> <p>Nitrogen-doped graphene (N-G)</p> </li> <li> <p>Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)</p> </li> <li> <p>N-G/MOF composite catalysts</p> </li> <li> <p>Nanomaterial-enhanced phase change materials (PCMs)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Each material had its own spectral signature.</p> <p>For example, when nitrogen atoms were incorporated into the graphene lattice, the <strong>D/G intensity ratio often changed,</strong> reflecting increased defects or modified bonding structures. When graphene was integrated with MOFs, additional structural effects could be observed.</p> <p>These spectral changes helped us understand how synthesis processes—such as <strong>ball milling, thermal treatment, or chemical functionalization</strong> altered the material structure.</p> <p>In this way, Raman spectroscopy allowed us to translate spectral peaks into structural insights.</p> <h2 id="my-personal-reflection">My Personal Reflection</h2> <p>One of the things I enjoy most about Raman spectroscopy is how it connects <strong>abstract physics with real materials.</strong></p> <p>The peaks we see on a Raman spectrum are not just data points. They represent <strong>quantized vibrations of atoms,</strong> something that cannot be seen directly but can be detected through careful measurement.</p> <p>Sometimes, when I was running Raman scans late in the lab, watching those peaks appear on the screen felt almost magical. The idea that a laser beam could probe atomic vibrations and reveal structural information made me appreciate how powerful modern scientific tools are.</p> <p>What initially seemed mysterious gradually became understandable through physics, chemistry, and careful analysis.</p> <h2 id="why-raman-spectroscopy-matters">Why Raman Spectroscopy Matters</h2> <p>Raman spectroscopy is widely used in materials science because it provides:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Non-destructive structural characterization</p> </li> <li> <p>Fast measurement with minimal sample preparation</p> </li> <li> <p>Detailed information about chemical bonding and crystal structure</p> </li> </ul> <p>For graphene-based materials and nanocatalysts, Raman spectroscopy plays a crucial role in understanding structure–property relationships, which ultimately influence performance in applications such as:</p> <p>Fuel cells, Batteries, Catalysts, Thermal storage materials, Electronic devices, etc.</p> <h2 id="thoughts">Thoughts</h2> <p>Looking back, Raman spectroscopy was one of the most fascinating tools I used during my Ph.D. research. It allowed me to explore the <strong>vibrational world of atoms</strong> and understand how small structural changes can dramatically influence material behavior.</p> <p>Every Raman spectrum I collected was more than just a graph—it was a window into the <strong>hidden dynamics of atoms and bonds inside the material.</strong></p> <p>And sometimes, seeing those peaks appear still feels a little like watching the invisible become visible.</p>  </article> <article> <h1>Talk at TMS 2025 - Graphene/MOF/MXene Synergy for ORR Catalysis.</h1> <p>Wed, 26 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000</p> <p>In March 2025, I had the opportunity to attend the TMS 2025 Annual Meeting & Exhibition in Las Vegas, Nevada. The conference brought together researchers, engineers, and industry professionals from around the world to discuss advances in materials science, metallurgy, and energy technologies.</p> <p>One of the highlights of the event for me was delivering an <strong>invited talk</strong> titled:</p> <p><strong>“Advanced ORR Electrocatalyst from Physicochemical Integration of N-doped Graphene, MOF, and MXene by Wet Ball Milling.”</strong></p> <p>It was an exciting opportunity to share our research with an international audience and to engage with experts working on electrochemical energy systems.</p> <h2 id="the-importance-of-orr-catalysts">The Importance of ORR Catalysts</h2> <p>Electrochemical energy technologies—such as <strong>fuel cells and advanced batteries</strong>—are increasingly important for building a sustainable energy future. These systems offer higher efficiency and lower environmental impact compared to traditional energy conversion technologies.</p> <p>However, a key challenge remains the <strong>oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)</strong> that occurs at the cathode. This reaction often limits the efficiency of electrochemical devices.</p> <p>Currently, the most widely used catalysts for ORR are <strong>platinum-group metal (PGM) catalysts.</strong> While highly effective, they are also expensive and susceptible to degradation during long-term operation. This motivates researchers worldwide to develop non-precious metal catalysts that are both efficient and durable.</p> <h2 id="our-approach-integrating-n-graphene-mof-and-mxene">Our Approach: Integrating N-Graphene, MOF, and MXene</h2> <p>In this research, we explored the development of a new class of carbon-based composite electrocatalysts by integrating three advanced materials:</p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Nitrogen-doped Graphene (N-G)</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Metal–Organic Framework (MOF), specifically ZIF-8</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Ti₃C₂ MXene</strong></p> </li> </ul> <p>Each of these materials brings unique advantages:</p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>N-doped graphene provides excellent electrical conductivity and catalytically active nitrogen sites.</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>MOFs offer highly porous structures that increase accessible surface area and catalytic site distribution.</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>MXenes contribute high electrical conductivity and chemically active transition-metal sites.</strong></p> </li> </ul> <p>By combining these materials, we aimed to create a synergistic catalytic system capable of outperforming traditional catalysts.</p> <h2 id="synthesis-using-wet-ball-milling">Synthesis Using Wet Ball Milling</h2> <p>A key aspect of this work was the use of a <strong>Nanoscale High Energy Wet (NHEW) ball milling</strong> process, which enables the physicochemical integration of different nanomaterials.</p> <p>The synthesis pathway involved several stages:</p> <ol> <li> <p><strong>Nitrogen-doped graphene (N-G)</strong> was synthesized from graphene oxide and melamine.</p> </li> <li> <p>The N-G material was then combined with <strong>ZIF-8 MOF</strong> to form an <strong>N-G/MOF composite catalyst.</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>In a later stage, <strong>Ti₃C₂ MXene</strong> was incorporated to produce an <strong>N-G/MOF/MXene</strong> composite catalyst.</p> </li> </ol> <p>This scalable synthesis approach allows strong interactions between the different components while preserving their functional properties.</p> <h2 id="catalytic-performance">Catalytic Performance</h2> <p>The electrochemical evaluation revealed several promising results.</p> <p>The <strong>N-G catalyst alone</strong> demonstrated catalytic activity comparable to the benchmark 10 wt% Pt/C catalyst.</p> <p>When the <strong>MOF structure was integrated</strong>, the resulting <strong>N-G/MOF composite</strong> showed even better performance than Pt/C in an alkaline electrolyte.</p> <p>Finally, the <strong>N-G/MOF/MXene</strong> composite catalyst exhibited the highest catalytic activity and durability among the tested materials.</p> <p>This enhanced performance can be attributed to several synergistic effects:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Transition-metal catalytic sites from MXene-derived components</p> </li> <li> <p>Formation of catalytic <strong>TiO₂ active sites</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>The porous framework of the MOF</p> </li> <li> <p>Nitrogen-active sites within the graphene structure</p> </li> <li> <p>Highly conductive titanium-carbide layers of MXene</p> </li> </ul> <p>Together, these features created a highly efficient electron transport pathway and increased catalytic active sites.</p> <h2 id="durability-and-stability">Durability and Stability</h2> <p>Durability is a critical factor for practical catalyst applications. Our results showed that the composite catalyst exhibited <strong>excellent structural stability during operation.</strong></p> <p>Strong bonding between metal, metal-oxide, and carbon structures helped prevent metal leaching, while the graphene framework helped protect MXene surfaces from <strong>oxidation and passivation.</strong></p> <p>These characteristics indicate that the <strong>N-G/MOF/MXene composite</strong> has strong potential as a durable non-precious metal ORR catalyst.</p> <h2 id="reflections-from-the-conference">Reflections from the Conference</h2> <p>Presenting this work at <strong>TMS 2025</strong> was a rewarding experience. The conference provided an excellent platform to exchange ideas with researchers working on:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Electrocatalysis</p> </li> <li> <p>Advanced nanomaterials</p> </li> <li> <p>Energy storage technologies</p> </li> <li> <p>Sustainable energy systems</p> </li> </ul> <p>The discussions and feedback from attendees offered valuable insights and new perspectives for future research directions.</p> <p>Conferences like TMS are not only about presenting results—they are also about <strong>building connections, sharing ideas, and learning from the global research community.</strong></p> <h2 id="looking-forward">Looking Forward</h2> <p>The development of efficient and durable non-precious metal catalysts remains an important challenge in electrochemical energy technologies.</p> <p>Our work on <strong>N-G/MOF/MXene composite catalysts</strong> demonstrates how integrating multiple functional nanomaterials can create powerful catalytic systems.</p> <p>I look forward to continuing research in this area and exploring how these materials can contribute to <strong>next-generation fuel cells, batteries, and sustainable energy technologies.</strong></p> <h2 id="-a-memorable-moment">⭐ A memorable moment:</h2> <p>Presenting this work as an invited speaker at TMS 2025 was an important milestone in my research journey, and I am grateful for the opportunity to share our work with the international materials science community.</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback"></code></pre></div> </article> <article> <h1>Advanced Phase Change Materials for Wide-Range Thermal Energy Storage</h1> <p>Sun, 16 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h2 id="project-description">Project Description</h2> <p>This project focuses on the development of advanced <strong>Phase Change Materials (PCMs)</strong> operating across a broad temperature range of <strong>−80 °C to 180 °C</strong> for diverse industrial and technological applications. Targeted application areas include cold-chain storage, domestic temperature regulation, transportation of temperature-sensitive bio-products, and thermal management of sensitive electrical and electronic devices.</p> <p>A central objective of this research is the <strong>enhancement of thermal performance of PCMs through innovative material formulation and synthesis strategies</strong>. Molecular-level design approaches are investigated to optimize key thermal properties such as latent heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal stability.</p> <p>To address low-temperature energy storage requirements, <strong>eutectic PCM systems</strong> are being designed to achieve tailored phase transition temperatures and efficient thermal energy storage and release. Additionally, the project explores the integration of <strong>graphene-based nanomaterials</strong> into PCM matrices to leverage their exceptional thermal conductivity and improve heat transfer performance.</p> <p>Furthermore, <strong>Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)</strong> and <strong>bio-derived materials</strong> are being studied as potential additives and structural supports to further enhance the stability, durability, and thermal efficiency of PCM systems.</p> <p>Through interdisciplinary materials research, advanced characterization, and collaborative development, this work aims to create <strong>next-generation PCMs with improved performance, adaptability, and energy efficiency</strong> for a wide spectrum of thermal management applications.</p> </article> <article> <h1>Integrated Solar Photovoltaic and Heat Pump System for Combined Thermal and Electrical Energy Utilization</h1> <p>Tue, 25 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h2 id="project-description">Project Description</h2> <p>This research project focuses on the integration of <strong>solar photovoltaic (PV) systems with domestic heat pump technologies</strong> to enhance the efficiency and utilization of renewable energy in residential energy systems. The study investigates the capability of solar PV panels to generate both electrical energy and recoverable thermal energy under different geographic locations and seasonal conditions.</p> <p>A key objective of this work is to evaluate the potential of capturing the thermal energy generated by PV panels and redirecting it to support <strong>household heat pump systems</strong>, thereby improving overall energy utilization. By coupling photovoltaic electricity generation with thermal energy recovery, the project aims to develop a more efficient hybrid renewable energy system for domestic applications.</p> <p>In addition, the project examines <strong>household energy consumption patterns and heat pump system performance</strong>, focusing on energy efficiency and system-level optimization. Through quantitative analysis and modeling, we aim to determine the energy gains and performance improvements achieved through integrated solar–heat pump systems.</p> <p>Ultimately, this research contributes to the broader goal of <strong>integrating renewable energy technologies to improve residential energy efficiency and sustainability</strong>, supporting the development of next-generation hybrid thermal and power systems.</p> </article> <article> <h1>Chemical Changes from N-doped Graphene and Metal-organic Frameworks to N-G/MOF Composites for Improved Electrocatalytic Activity</h1> <p>Wed, 15 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000</p> </article> <article> <h1>Enhanced Stability and Sensitivity for CA-125 Detection Under Microfluidic Shear Flow Using Polyethylene Glycol-Coated Biosensor</h1> <p>Tue, 14 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000</p>  </article> <article> <h1>🎤 Attended the MRS Fall 2024 Exhibit</h1> <p>Tue, 10 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000</p> <p>In <strong>December 2024</strong>, I had the opportunity to attend the <strong>Materials Research Society (MRS) Fall Meeting 2024</strong>, one of the largest international conferences in materials science. During the conference, I delivered an oral presentation titled:</p> <p><strong>“N-doped Carbon Nanocatalyst with Zn Single Atom Catalytic Sites from N-doped Graphene and Metal-Organic Frameworks.”</strong></p> <p>The meeting brought together researchers from academia, national laboratories, and industry to discuss advances in materials for energy, electronics, nanotechnology, and sustainability. It was an exciting environment to share research and learn from the global materials science community.</p> <h2 id="the-research-idea">The Research Idea</h2> <p>Nitrogen-doped carbon materials—especially <strong>nitrogen-doped graphene (N-G)</strong>—have gained strong attention as non-precious metal catalysts for electrochemical reactions. These materials show promising catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), a critical process in technologies such as:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Fuel cells</p> </li> <li> <p>Metal–air batteries</p> </li> <li> <p>Supercapacitors</p> </li> </ul> <p>To further improve catalytic performance, researchers have explored combining <strong>N-doped graphene with metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)</strong>, which provide highly porous structures and chemically tunable sites.</p> <h2 id="what-makes-this-catalyst-different">What Makes This Catalyst Different?</h2> <p>Most conventional Graphene-based catalysts undergo <strong>high-temperature treatments</strong>, where metal atoms are typically removed, leaving behind porous carbon structures.</p> <p>In this work, we explored a different concept:</p> <p><strong>retaining and utilizing metal atoms within the catalyst structure.</strong></p> <p>By integrating <strong>N-doped graphene with ZIF-8 MOF</strong> using a Nanoscale High Energy Wet (NHEW) ball milling process, we created a nanocatalyst containing <strong>Zn single-atom catalytic sites</strong> embedded within the carbon structure.</p> <p>These Zn sites form <strong>Zn–N–C active centers</strong>, which are highly beneficial for ORR catalysis.</p> <h2 id="key-findings-from-the-study">Key Findings from the Study</h2> <p>Our experimental results showed several encouraging outcomes:</p> <ul> <li> <p>The <strong>N-G catalyst alone</strong> performed close to the benchmark 10 wt% Pt/C catalyst.</p> </li> <li> <p>The optimized <strong>N-G/MOF catalyst</strong> achieved higher ORR current density than Pt/C in both alkaline and acidic environments.</p> </li> <li> <p>The catalyst followed a <strong>4-electron ORR pathway</strong>, indicating efficient oxygen reduction.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>After 2000 electrochemical cycles, the catalyst retained over 90% of its activity</strong>, demonstrating strong durability.</p> </li> </ul> <p>Advanced characterization techniques—including <strong>SEM, TEM, XPS, FTIR, and EDS</strong>—confirmed the formation of Zn single-atom catalytic sites dispersed within the N-doped carbon framework.</p> <h2 id="why-single-atom-catalysts-matter">Why Single-Atom Catalysts Matter</h2> <p>Single-atom catalysts are an exciting frontier in catalysis research because they allow <strong>maximum utilization of metal atoms while maintaining high catalytic activity.</strong></p> <p>In this work, the combination of:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Nitrogen-doped graphene</p> </li> <li> <p>MOF-derived porous structures</p> </li> <li> <p>Atomically dispersed Zn catalytic sites</p> </li> </ul> <p>created a <strong>synergistic catalytic system</strong> capable of robust ORR performance.</p> <h2 id="thoughts">Thoughts</h2> <p>My presentation at <strong>MRS 2024</strong> was an exciting moment in my research journey. Sharing our work on <strong>N-doped carbon nanocatalysts with Zn single-atom catalytic sites</strong> reinforced the importance of designing new catalyst architectures that can replace expensive precious metals.</p> <p>Advances like these bring us closer to developing <strong>efficient, durable, and affordable catalysts for next-generation electrochemical energy systems.</strong></p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback"></code></pre></div> </article> <article> <h1>Microfluidic-Based Capacitive Biosensor for Multiplex Assay Detection</h1> <p>Fri, 20 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000</p>  </article> <article> <h1>An investigation on the structural stability of ZIF-8 in water versus water-derived oxidative species in aqueous environment</h1> <p>Thu, 15 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000</p>  </article> <article> <h1>N-Doped Graphene (N-G)/MOF(ZIF-8)-Based/Derived Materials for Electrochemical Energy Applications: Synthesis, Characteristics, and Functionality</h1> <p>Sat, 27 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000</p>  </article> <article> <h1>Dean vortex-enhanced blood plasma separation in self-driven spiral microchannel flow with cross-flow microfilters</h1> <p>Fri, 19 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000</p>  </article> <article> <h1>Embed Media</h1> <p>Tue, 24 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000</p> <p> is designed to give technical content creators a seamless experience. You can focus on the content and the HugoBlox Kit which this template is built upon handles the rest.</p> <p><strong>Embed videos, podcasts, code, LaTeX math, and even test students!</strong></p> <p>On this page, you’ll find some examples of the types of technical content that can be rendered with Hugo Blox.</p> <h2 id="video">Video</h2> <p>Teach your course by sharing videos with your students. Choose from one of the following approaches:</p> <div style="position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden;"> </div> <p><strong>Youtube</strong>:</p> <pre><code>{{< youtube w7Ft2ymGmfc >}} </code></pre> <p><strong>Bilibili</strong>:</p> <pre><code>{{< bilibili id="BV1WV4y1r7DF" >}} </code></pre> <p><strong>Video file</strong></p> <p>Videos may be added to a page by either placing them in your <code>assets/media/</code> media library or in your , and then embedding them with the <em>video</em> shortcode:</p> <pre><code>{{< video src="my_video.mp4" controls="yes" >}} </code></pre> <h2 id="podcast">Podcast</h2> <p>You can add a podcast or music to a page by placing the MP3 file in the page’s folder or the media library folder and then embedding the audio on your page with the <em>audio</em> shortcode:</p> <pre><code>{{< audio src="ambient-piano.mp3" >}} </code></pre> <p>Try it out:</p> </audio> <h2 id="test-students">Test students</h2> <p>Provide a simple yet fun self-assessment by revealing the solutions to challenges with the <code>spoiler</code> shortcode:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl">{{< spoiler text="👉 Click to view the solution" >}} </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">You found me! </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">{{< /spoiler >}} </span></span></code></pre></div><p>renders as</p> <details class="spoiler " id="spoiler-2"> <summary class="cursor-pointer">👉 Click to view the solution</summary> <div class="rounded-lg bg-neutral-50 dark:bg-neutral-800 p-2"> You found me 🎉 </div> </details> <h2 id="math">Math</h2> <p>HugoBlox Kit supports a Markdown extension for $\LaTeX$ math. You can enable this feature by toggling the <code>math</code> option in your <code>config/_default/params.yaml</code> file.</p> <p>To render <em>inline</em> or <em>block</em> math, wrap your LaTeX math with <code>{{< math >}}$...${{< /math >}}</code> or <code>{{< math >}}$$...$${{< /math >}}</code>, respectively.</p> <div class="callout flex px-4 py-3 mb-6 rounded-md border-l-4 bg-blue-100 dark:bg-blue-900 border-blue-500" data-callout="note" data-callout-metadata=""> <span class="callout-icon pr-3 pt-1 text-blue-600 dark:text-blue-300"> <svg height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="m16.862 4.487l1.687-1.688a1.875 1.875 0 1 1 2.652 2.652L6.832 19.82a4.5 4.5 0 0 1-1.897 1.13l-2.685.8l.8-2.685a4.5 4.5 0 0 1 1.13-1.897zm0 0L19.5 7.125"/></svg> </span> <div class="callout-content dark:text-neutral-300"> <div class="callout-title font-semibold mb-1">Note</div> <div class="callout-body"><p>We wrap the LaTeX math in the Hugo Blox <em>math</em> shortcode to prevent Hugo rendering our math as Markdown. This callout now uses the standard Markdown alert syntax!</p></div> </div> </div> <p>Example <strong>math block</strong>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-latex" data-lang="latex"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nb">{{</span>< math ><span class="nb">}}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="sb">$$</span><span class="nb"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nv">\gamma</span><span class="nb">_{n} </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\frac</span><span class="nb">{ </span><span class="nv">\left</span><span class="nb"> | </span><span class="nv">\left</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">\mathbf</span><span class="nb"> x_{n} </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\mathbf</span><span class="nb"> x_{n</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="nb">} </span><span class="nv">\right</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb">^T </span><span class="nv">\left</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="nv">\nabla</span><span class="nb"> F </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">\mathbf</span><span class="nb"> x_{n}</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\nabla</span><span class="nb"> F </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">\mathbf</span><span class="nb"> x_{n</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="nb">}</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\right</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="o">]</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\right</span><span class="nb"> |}{</span><span class="nv">\left</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\|\nabla</span><span class="nb"> F</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">\mathbf</span><span class="nb">{x}_{n}</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\nabla</span><span class="nb"> F</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">\mathbf</span><span class="nb">{x}_{n</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="nb">}</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\right</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\|</span><span class="nb">^</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="nb">} </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s">$$</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nb">{{</span>< /math ><span class="nb">}}</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><p>renders as</p> $$\gamma_{n} = \frac{ \left | \left (\mathbf x_{n} - \mathbf x_{n-1} \right )^T \left [\nabla F (\mathbf x_{n}) - \nabla F (\mathbf x_{n-1}) \right ] \right |}{\left \|\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n}) - \nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n-1}) \right \|^2}$$ <p>Example <strong>inline math</strong> <code>{{< math >}}$\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n})${{< /math >}}</code> renders as $\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n})$ .</p> <p>Example <strong>multi-line math</strong> using the math linebreak (<code>\\</code>):</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-latex" data-lang="latex"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nb">{{</span>< math ><span class="nb">}}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="sb">$$</span><span class="nb">f</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nb">k;p_{</span><span class="m">0</span><span class="nb">}^{</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">}</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb"> </span><span class="nv">\begin</span><span class="nb">{cases}p_{</span><span class="m">0</span><span class="nb">}^{</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">} & </span><span class="nv">\text</span><span class="nb">{if }k</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="nb">, </span><span class="nv">\\</span><span class="nb"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="m">1</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">p_{</span><span class="m">0</span><span class="nb">}^{</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">} & </span><span class="nv">\text</span><span class="nb">{if }k</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">0</span><span class="nb">.</span><span class="nv">\end</span><span class="nb">{cases}</span><span class="s">$$</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nb">{{</span>< /math ><span class="nb">}}</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><p>renders as</p> $$ f(k;p_{0}^{*}) = \begin{cases}p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=1, \\ 1-p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=0.\end{cases} $$ <h2 id="code">Code</h2> <p>HugoBlox Kit utilises Hugo’s Markdown extension for highlighting code syntax. The code theme can be selected in the <code>config/_default/params.yaml</code> file.</p> <pre><code>```python import pandas as pd data = pd.read_csv("data.csv") data.head() ``` </code></pre> <p>renders as</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pandas</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">pd</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_csv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"data.csv"</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">head</span><span class="p">()</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="inline-images">Inline Images</h2> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{{<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">icon</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s">"python"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">>}}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Python</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p>renders as</p> <p> <span class="inline-block pr-1"> <span style="height: 1em; transform: translateY(0.1em);">python</span> </span> Python</p> <h2 id="did-you-find-this-page-helpful-consider-sharing-it-">Did you find this page helpful? Consider sharing it 🙌</h2> </article> <article> <h1>Experience</h1> <p>Tue, 24 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000</p> </article> <article> <h1>Investigation on electrocatalytic performance and material degradation of an N-doped graphene-MOF nanocatalyst in emulated electrochemical environments</h1> <p>Tue, 01 Aug 2023 00:00:00 +0000</p>  </article> <article> <h1>An In-Depth Exploration of the Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) Phenomenon on Carbon-Based Catalysts in Alkaline and Acidic Mediums</h1> <p>Tue, 19 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0000</p>  </article> <article> <h1>Microfluidic-Based Novel Optical Quantification of Red Blood Cell Concentration in Blood Flow</h1> <p>Wed, 08 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000</p>  </article> <article> <h1>Capillary Flow Dynamics of Blood With Varied Hematocrit in Microfluidic Platforms</h1> <p>Fri, 01 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0000</p>  </article> <article> <h1>Nitrogen-doped graphene nanomaterials for electrochemical catalysis/reactions: A review on chemical structures and stability</h1> <p>Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0000</p>  </article> <article> <h1>COVID-19 Biomarkers and Advanced Sensing Technologies for Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnosis</h1> <p>Mon, 12 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000</p>  </article> <article> <h1>Blood Plasma Self-Separation Technologies during the Self-Driven Flow in Microfluidic Platforms</h1> <p>Sat, 03 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000</p>  </article> <article> <h1>Laminar flame speeds and Markstein lengths of methyl decanoate-air premixed flames at elevated pressures and temperatures</h1> <p>Thu, 09 Aug 2018 00:00:00 +0000</p>  </article> <article> <h1>Laminar flame speeds for n-butanol/air mixtures at elevated pressures and temperatures: An experimental and numerical study</h1> <p>Wed, 18 Apr 2018 00:00:00 +0000</p>  </article> <article> <h1>Combustion Diagnostics - Experiments</h1> <p>Wed, 12 Jul 2017 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h2 id="combustion-diagnostics-and-laminar-flame-speed-measurement">Combustion Diagnostics and Laminar Flame Speed Measurement</h2> <p>During my master’s research, I experimentally investigated the <strong>laminar flame speed and Markstein length of alternative liquid fuels, including n-butanol and methyl decanoate, using an optical combustion diagnostic system.</strong></p> <p>The study was conducted using a <strong>Constant Volume Combustion Chamber (CVCC)</strong> equipped with <strong>shadowgraph and schlieren imaging techniques</strong> to visualize flame propagation and measure combustion characteristics.</p> <h2 id="experimental-system-development">Experimental System Development</h2> <p>I was directly involved in building and validating the experimental setup, including:</p> <ul> <li>Assembly and integration of the <strong>constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC)</strong></li> <li>Alignment of <strong>shadowgraph and schlieren optical systems</strong></li> <li>Calibration and validation of measurement procedures</li> <li>Development of experimental protocols for repeatable combustion measurements</li> </ul> <h2 id="experimental-techniques">Experimental Techniques</h2> <p>Key diagnostic and measurement techniques used include:</p> <ul> <li>Shadowgraph imaging for density-gradient visualization</li> <li>Schlieren optical diagnostics for flame structure observation</li> <li>High-speed imaging of flame propagation</li> <li>Laminar flame speed calculation from flame radius evolution</li> </ul> <h2 id="fuels-studied">Fuels Studied</h2> <ul> <li><strong>n-Butanol</strong> (oxygenated biofuel candidate)</li> <li><strong>Methyl decanoate</strong> (biodiesel surrogate fuel)</li> </ul> <p>These fuels were studied to understand their combustion behavior and evaluate their suitability for advanced combustion systems.</p> </article> <article> <h1>Buttons</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <p>A modern, customizable button shortcode with gradient styling, icons, and smart link handling.</p> <h2 id="basic-usage">Basic Usage</h2> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-351ac412531c23e422b81c6422c17da5" href="https://example.com/contact" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-primary-500 to-primary-600 hover:from-primary-600 hover:to-primary-700 active:from-primary-700 active:to-primary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-primary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-primary-500/30 hover:-translate-y-0.5 hover:scale-[1.02] active:scale-[0.98] focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="Contact Us" > <span>Contact Us</span> </a> </div> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-99f90e9d2b754ffe3fc7b4f9d280ab9e" href="https://example.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-secondary-500 to-secondary-600 hover:from-secondary-600 hover:to-secondary-700 active:from-secondary-700 active:to-secondary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-secondary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-secondary-500/30 hover:scale-105 active:scale-95 focus:ring-secondary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="Visit External Site" > <span>Visit External Site</span> </a> </div> <p>The above buttons are created with:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go-html-template" data-lang="go-html-template"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"/contact"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Contact Us<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"https://example.com"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">new_tab</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"true"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"secondary"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Visit External Site<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="style-variants">Style Variants</h2> <h3 id="primary-default">Primary (Default)</h3> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-33f0c5949dceb4f2158940543a6d11f0" href="#" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-primary-500 to-primary-600 hover:from-primary-600 hover:to-primary-700 active:from-primary-700 active:to-primary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-primary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-primary-500/30 hover:-translate-y-0.5 hover:scale-[1.02] active:scale-[0.98] focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="Primary Button" > <span>Primary Button</span> </a> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go-html-template" data-lang="go-html-template"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"primary"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Primary Button<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="secondary">Secondary</h3> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-654c665d9c02125e00b3c2638e02ff31" href="#" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-secondary-500 to-secondary-600 hover:from-secondary-600 hover:to-secondary-700 active:from-secondary-700 active:to-secondary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-secondary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-secondary-500/30 hover:scale-105 active:scale-95 focus:ring-secondary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="Secondary Button" > <span>Secondary Button</span> </a> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go-html-template" data-lang="go-html-template"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"secondary"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Secondary Button<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="outline">Outline</h3> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-569954ebe8d760dfbd5f8dd8d491e972" href="#" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-white dark:bg-zinc-900 border-2 border-primary-500 text-primary-600 dark:text-primary-400 hover:bg-primary-50 dark:hover:bg-primary-950/50 hover:border-primary-600 active:bg-primary-100 dark:active:bg-primary-950 shadow-md hover:shadow-lg hover:scale-105 active:scale-95 focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="Outline Button" > <span>Outline Button</span> </a> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go-html-template" data-lang="go-html-template"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"outline"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Outline Button<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="ghost">Ghost</h3> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-e8d694dcc82ccc6b692376347eb1210c" href="#" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-transparent text-primary-600 dark:text-primary-400 hover:bg-primary-50 dark:hover:bg-primary-950/50 active:bg-primary-100 dark:active:bg-primary-950 hover:scale-105 active:scale-95 focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="Ghost Button" > <span>Ghost Button</span> </a> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go-html-template" data-lang="go-html-template"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"ghost"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Ghost Button<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="sizes">Sizes</h2> <h3 id="small">Small</h3> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-9edd9a4164984b892472dc4cb0d94acb" href="#" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-primary-500 to-primary-600 hover:from-primary-600 hover:to-primary-700 active:from-primary-700 active:to-primary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-primary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-primary-500/30 hover:-translate-y-0.5 hover:scale-[1.02] active:scale-[0.98] focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-3 py-1.5 text-sm rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="Small Button" > <span>Small Button</span> </a> </div> <h3 id="medium-default">Medium (Default)</h3> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-917c91b5df194ee244bcb8dd7d4916c5" href="#" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-primary-500 to-primary-600 hover:from-primary-600 hover:to-primary-700 active:from-primary-700 active:to-primary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-primary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-primary-500/30 hover:-translate-y-0.5 hover:scale-[1.02] active:scale-[0.98] focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="Medium Button" > <span>Medium Button</span> </a> </div> <h3 id="large">Large</h3> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-c9ef1eeebbeac0de80c5666baeda508c" href="#" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-primary-500 to-primary-600 hover:from-primary-600 hover:to-primary-700 active:from-primary-700 active:to-primary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-primary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-primary-500/30 hover:-translate-y-0.5 hover:scale-[1.02] active:scale-[0.98] focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-6 py-3 text-lg rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="Large Button" > <span>Large Button</span> </a> </div> <h3 id="extra-large">Extra Large</h3> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-c38da6a61bc9a2511c12a071b05d1527" href="#" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-primary-500 to-primary-600 hover:from-primary-600 hover:to-primary-700 active:from-primary-700 active:to-primary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-primary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-primary-500/30 hover:-translate-y-0.5 hover:scale-[1.02] active:scale-[0.98] focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-8 py-4 text-xl rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="Extra Large" > <span>Extra Large</span> </a> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go-html-template" data-lang="go-html-template"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"sm"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Small Button<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"md"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Medium Button<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"lg"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Large Button<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"xl"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Extra Large<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="alignment">Alignment</h2> <h3 id="left-default">Left (Default)</h3> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-46275a2130718485193b07442854e305" href="#" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-primary-500 to-primary-600 hover:from-primary-600 hover:to-primary-700 active:from-primary-700 active:to-primary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-primary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-primary-500/30 hover:-translate-y-0.5 hover:scale-[1.02] active:scale-[0.98] focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="Left Aligned" > <span>Left Aligned</span> </a> </div> <h3 id="center">Center</h3> <div class="text-center"> <a id="button-2e7c6d0545131be865f91f4dcb47ebd3" href="#" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-primary-500 to-primary-600 hover:from-primary-600 hover:to-primary-700 active:from-primary-700 active:to-primary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-primary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-primary-500/30 hover:-translate-y-0.5 hover:scale-[1.02] active:scale-[0.98] focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="Center Aligned" > <span>Center Aligned</span> </a> </div> <h3 id="right">Right</h3> <div class="text-right"> <a id="button-09d01d6786049ba2a63f2cafd484e60e" href="#" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-primary-500 to-primary-600 hover:from-primary-600 hover:to-primary-700 active:from-primary-700 active:to-primary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-primary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-primary-500/30 hover:-translate-y-0.5 hover:scale-[1.02] active:scale-[0.98] focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="Right Aligned" > <span>Right Aligned</span> </a> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go-html-template" data-lang="go-html-template"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">align</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"left"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Left Aligned<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">align</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"center"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Center Aligned<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">align</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"right"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Right Aligned<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="with-icons">With Icons</h2> <h3 id="icon-before-text">Icon Before Text</h3> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-2070b64a1b12b8165d04699a5e4f0a4d" href="#" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-primary-500 to-primary-600 hover:from-primary-600 hover:to-primary-700 active:from-primary-700 active:to-primary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-primary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-primary-500/30 hover:-translate-y-0.5 hover:scale-[1.02] active:scale-[0.98] focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="Download" > <span class="flex-shrink-0"> <svg class="w-4 h-4" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M3 16.5v2.25A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.25 21h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 21 18.75V16.5M16.5 12L12 16.5m0 0L7.5 12m4.5 4.5V3"/></svg> </span> <span>Download</span> </a> </div> <h3 id="icon-after-text">Icon After Text</h3> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-213c46a162adc66071b38a55c26716e3" href="#" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-primary-500 to-primary-600 hover:from-primary-600 hover:to-primary-700 active:from-primary-700 active:to-primary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-primary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-primary-500/30 hover:-translate-y-0.5 hover:scale-[1.02] active:scale-[0.98] focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="Continue" > <span>Continue</span> <span class="flex-shrink-0"> <svg class="w-4 h-4" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M13.5 4.5L21 12m0 0l-7.5 7.5M21 12H3"/></svg> </span> </a> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go-html-template" data-lang="go-html-template"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">icon</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"arrow-down-tray"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Download<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">icon</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"arrow-right"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">icon_position</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"right"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Continue<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="rounded-corners">Rounded Corners</h2> <h3 id="small-radius">Small Radius</h3> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-f306324e9ea3297cc7149761131e0e41" href="#" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-primary-500 to-primary-600 hover:from-primary-600 hover:to-primary-700 active:from-primary-700 active:to-primary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-primary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-primary-500/30 hover:-translate-y-0.5 hover:scale-[1.02] active:scale-[0.98] focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded" role="button" aria-label="Small Radius" > <span>Small Radius</span> </a> </div> <h3 id="medium-radius-default">Medium Radius (Default)</h3> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-d519a3255417739cb8197b9869248dec" href="#" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-primary-500 to-primary-600 hover:from-primary-600 hover:to-primary-700 active:from-primary-700 active:to-primary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-primary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-primary-500/30 hover:-translate-y-0.5 hover:scale-[1.02] active:scale-[0.98] focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="Medium Radius" > <span>Medium Radius</span> </a> </div> <h3 id="large-radius">Large Radius</h3> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-920afdfab9e2ab0e88cb5046924cd223" href="#" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-primary-500 to-primary-600 hover:from-primary-600 hover:to-primary-700 active:from-primary-700 active:to-primary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-primary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-primary-500/30 hover:-translate-y-0.5 hover:scale-[1.02] active:scale-[0.98] focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded-xl" role="button" aria-label="Large Radius" > <span>Large Radius</span> </a> </div> <h3 id="pill-shape">Pill Shape</h3> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-464be1a963c8f63cf75275ea2137551a" href="#" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-primary-500 to-primary-600 hover:from-primary-600 hover:to-primary-700 active:from-primary-700 active:to-primary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-primary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-primary-500/30 hover:-translate-y-0.5 hover:scale-[1.02] active:scale-[0.98] focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded-full" role="button" aria-label="Pill Button" > <span>Pill Button</span> </a> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go-html-template" data-lang="go-html-template"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">rounded</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"sm"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Small Radius<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">rounded</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"md"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Medium Radius<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">rounded</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"lg"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Large Radius<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">rounded</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"full"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Pill Button<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="advanced-examples">Advanced Examples</h2> <h3 id="call-to-action-button">Call-to-Action Button</h3> <div class="text-center"> <a id="button-62059f8d62052633590d3f60ec092595" href="https://example.com/signup" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-primary-500 to-primary-600 hover:from-primary-600 hover:to-primary-700 active:from-primary-700 active:to-primary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-primary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-primary-500/30 hover:-translate-y-0.5 hover:scale-[1.02] active:scale-[0.98] focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-6 py-3 text-lg rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="Get Started Today" > <span class="flex-shrink-0"> <svg class="w-4 h-4" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M15.59 14.37a6 6 0 0 1-5.84 7.38v-4.8m5.84-2.58a14.98 14.98 0 0 0 6.16-12.12A14.98 14.98 0 0 0 9.631 8.41m5.96 5.96a14.926 14.926 0 0 1-5.841 2.58m-.119-8.54a6 6 0 0 0-7.381 5.84h4.8m2.581-5.84a14.927 14.927 0 0 0-2.58 5.84m2.699 2.7a15.53 15.53 0 0 1-.311.06a15.09 15.09 0 0 1-2.448-2.448a14.9 14.9 0 0 1 .06-.312m-2.24 2.39a4.493 4.493 0 0 0-1.757 4.306a4.493 4.493 0 0 0 4.306-1.758M16.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 1-3 0a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0"/></svg> </span> <span>Get Started Today</span> </a> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go-html-template" data-lang="go-html-template"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"/signup"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"primary"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"lg"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">align</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"center"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">icon</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"rocket-launch"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Get Started Today<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="external-link-with-new-tab">External Link with New Tab</h3> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-2cb1bb8bbb2590cc46a8ead690d2da77" href="https://github.com/hugo-blox/kit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-white dark:bg-zinc-900 border-2 border-primary-500 text-primary-600 dark:text-primary-400 hover:bg-primary-50 dark:hover:bg-primary-950/50 hover:border-primary-600 active:bg-primary-100 dark:active:bg-primary-950 shadow-md hover:shadow-lg hover:scale-105 active:scale-95 focus:ring-primary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded-lg" role="button" aria-label="View on GitHub" > <span>View on GitHub</span> <span class="flex-shrink-0"> <svg class="w-4 h-4" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M13.5 6H5.25A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 3 8.25v10.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.25 21h10.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 18 18.75V10.5m-10.5 6L21 3m0 0h-5.25M21 3v5.25"/></svg> </span> </a> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go-html-template" data-lang="go-html-template"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"https://github.com/hugo-blox/kit"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">new_tab</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"true"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"outline"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">icon</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"arrow-top-right-on-square"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">icon_position</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"right"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>View on GitHub<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="download-button">Download Button</h3> <div class="text-left"> <a id="button-72ec86801f391f16b84b269ade9d2995" href="https://example.com/files/document.pdf" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 font-medium no-underline transition-all duration-300 ease-out transform-gpu focus:outline-none focus:ring-4 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-offset-white dark:focus:ring-offset-zinc-900 disabled:opacity-50 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:pointer-events-none bg-gradient-to-br from-secondary-500 to-secondary-600 hover:from-secondary-600 hover:to-secondary-700 active:from-secondary-700 active:to-secondary-800 text-white shadow-lg shadow-secondary-500/25 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-secondary-500/30 hover:scale-105 active:scale-95 focus:ring-secondary-500/50 px-4 py-2 text-base rounded-full" role="button" aria-label="Download PDF" > <span class="flex-shrink-0"> <svg class="w-4 h-4" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M19.5 14.25v-2.625a3.375 3.375 0 0 0-3.375-3.375h-1.5A1.125 1.125 0 0 1 13.5 7.125v-1.5a3.375 3.375 0 0 0-3.375-3.375H8.25m.75 12l3 3m0 0l3-3m-3 3v-6m-1.5-9H5.625c-.621 0-1.125.504-1.125 1.125v17.25c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125h12.75c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V11.25a9 9 0 0 0-9-9"/></svg> </span> <span>Download PDF</span> </a> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go-html-template" data-lang="go-html-template"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"/files/document.pdf"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"secondary"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">icon</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"document-arrow-down"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">rounded</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"full"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span>Download PDF<span class="cp">{{</span><span class="err"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">/</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">></span><span class="cp">}}</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="parameters">Parameters</h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Parameter</th> <th>Type</th> <th>Default</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>url</code></td> <td>string</td> <td><code>#</code></td> <td><strong>Required.</strong> Button destination URL (internal or external)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>text</code></td> <td>string</td> <td>Inner content</td> <td>Button text (overrides shortcode content)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>new_tab</code></td> <td>boolean</td> <td><code>false</code></td> <td>Whether to open link in new tab</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>style</code></td> <td>string</td> <td><code>primary</code></td> <td>Button style: <code>primary</code>, <code>secondary</code>, <code>outline</code>, <code>ghost</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>size</code></td> <td>string</td> <td><code>md</code></td> <td>Button size: <code>sm</code>, <code>md</code>, <code>lg</code>, <code>xl</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>align</code></td> <td>string</td> <td><code>left</code></td> <td>Button alignment: <code>left</code>, <code>center</code>, <code>right</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>icon</code></td> <td>string</td> <td>-</td> <td>Icon name from </td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>icon_position</code></td> <td>string</td> <td><code>left</code></td> <td>Icon position: <code>left</code>, <code>right</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>rounded</code></td> <td>string</td> <td><code>md</code></td> <td>Border radius: <code>sm</code>, <code>md</code>, <code>lg</code>, <code>xl</code>, <code>full</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>disabled</code></td> <td>boolean</td> <td><code>false</code></td> <td>Whether button should be disabled</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="security-features">Security Features</h2> <p>The button shortcode automatically handles security for external links:</p> <ul> <li><strong>External links</strong> get <code>rel="noreferrer"</code> attribute</li> <li><strong>External links opening in new tab</strong> get <code>rel="noopener noreferrer"</code></li> <li><strong>Internal links opening in new tab</strong> get <code>rel="noopener"</code></li> </ul> <p>This ensures safe navigation while maintaining functionality.</p> <h2 id="accessibility">Accessibility</h2> <p>The button shortcode includes built-in accessibility features:</p> <ul> <li>Proper <code>role="button"</code> attribute</li> <li><code>aria-label</code> support</li> <li>Keyboard focus indicators</li> <li>High contrast focus rings</li> <li>Disabled state handling</li> </ul> </article> <article> <h1>Callouts</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <p>Hugo Blox supports GitHub and Obsidian-style Markdown callouts for maximum compatibility and content portability.</p> <p>Callouts are a useful feature to draw attention to important or related content such as notes, hints, or warnings in your articles.</p> <h2 id="usage">Usage</h2> <h3 id="basic-callout-types">Basic Callout Types</h3> <p>Hugo Blox supports all 15+ callout types from :</p> <p><strong>Information & Notes:</strong></p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">[!NOTE] </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">This is a note callout with important information that users should know. </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <div class="callout flex px-4 py-3 mb-6 rounded-md border-l-4 bg-blue-100 dark:bg-blue-900 border-blue-500" data-callout="note" data-callout-metadata=""> <span class="callout-icon pr-3 pt-1 text-blue-600 dark:text-blue-300"> <svg height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="m16.862 4.487l1.687-1.688a1.875 1.875 0 1 1 2.652 2.652L6.832 19.82a4.5 4.5 0 0 1-1.897 1.13l-2.685.8l.8-2.685a4.5 4.5 0 0 1 1.13-1.897zm0 0L19.5 7.125"/></svg> </span> <div class="callout-content dark:text-neutral-300"> <div class="callout-title font-semibold mb-1">Note</div> <div class="callout-body"><p>This is a note callout with important information that users should know.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">[!INFO] </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">Alternative info callout - same styling as NOTE. </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <div class="callout flex px-4 py-3 mb-6 rounded-md border-l-4 bg-blue-100 dark:bg-blue-900 border-blue-500" data-callout="info" data-callout-metadata=""> <span class="callout-icon pr-3 pt-1 text-blue-600 dark:text-blue-300"> <svg height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="m11.25 11.25l.041-.02a.75.75 0 0 1 1.063.852l-.708 2.836a.75.75 0 0 0 1.063.853l.041-.021M21 12a9 9 0 1 1-18 0a9 9 0 0 1 18 0m-9-3.75h.008v.008H12z"/></svg> </span> <div class="callout-content dark:text-neutral-300"> <div class="callout-title font-semibold mb-1">Info</div> <div class="callout-body"><p>Alternative info callout - same styling as NOTE.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">[!ABSTRACT] </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">Use for abstracts, summaries, or TL;DR sections. </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <div class="callout flex px-4 py-3 mb-6 rounded-md border-l-4 bg-cyan-100 dark:bg-cyan-900 border-cyan-500" data-callout="abstract" data-callout-metadata=""> <span class="callout-icon pr-3 pt-1 text-cyan-600 dark:text-cyan-300"> <svg height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M9 12h3.75M9 15h3.75M9 18h3.75m3 .75H18a2.25 2.25 0 0 0 2.25-2.25V6.108c0-1.135-.845-2.098-1.976-2.192a48.424 48.424 0 0 0-1.123-.08m-5.801 0c-.065.21-.1.433-.1.664c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-.1-.664m-5.8 0A2.251 2.251 0 0 1 13.5 2.25H15a2.25 2.25 0 0 1 2.15 1.586m-5.8 0c-.376.023-.75.05-1.124.08C9.095 4.01 8.25 4.973 8.25 6.108V8.25m0 0H4.875c-.621 0-1.125.504-1.125 1.125v11.25c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125h9.75c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V9.375c0-.621-.504-1.125-1.125-1.125zM6.75 12h.008v.008H6.75zm0 3h.008v.008H6.75zm0 3h.008v.008H6.75z"/></svg> </span> <div class="callout-content dark:text-neutral-300"> <div class="callout-title font-semibold mb-1">Abstract</div> <div class="callout-body"><p>Use for abstracts, summaries, or TL;DR sections.</p></div> </div> </div> <p><strong>Actions & Tasks:</strong></p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">[!TODO] </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">This is something that needs to be done. </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <div class="callout flex px-4 py-3 mb-6 rounded-md border-l-4 bg-blue-100 dark:bg-blue-900 border-blue-500" data-callout="todo" data-callout-metadata=""> <span class="callout-icon pr-3 pt-1 text-blue-600 dark:text-blue-300"> <svg height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M9 12.75L11.25 15L15 9.75M21 12a9 9 0 1 1-18 0a9 9 0 0 1 18 0"/></svg> </span> <div class="callout-content dark:text-neutral-300"> <div class="callout-title font-semibold mb-1">Todo</div> <div class="callout-body"><p>This is something that needs to be done.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">[!TIP] </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">Here's a helpful tip to make your workflow more efficient! </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <div class="callout flex px-4 py-3 mb-6 rounded-md border-l-4 bg-emerald-100 dark:bg-emerald-900 border-emerald-500" data-callout="tip" data-callout-metadata=""> <span class="callout-icon pr-3 pt-1 text-emerald-600 dark:text-emerald-300"> <svg height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M12 18v-5.25m0 0a6.01 6.01 0 0 0 1.5-.189m-1.5.189a6.01 6.01 0 0 1-1.5-.189m3.75 7.478a12.06 12.06 0 0 1-4.5 0m3.75 2.383a14.406 14.406 0 0 1-3 0M14.25 18v-.192c0-.983.658-1.823 1.508-2.316a7.5 7.5 0 1 0-7.517 0c.85.493 1.509 1.333 1.509 2.316V18"/></svg> </span> <div class="callout-content dark:text-neutral-300"> <div class="callout-title font-semibold mb-1">Tip</div> <div class="callout-body"><p>Here’s a helpful tip to make your workflow more efficient!</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">[!SUCCESS] </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">Great job! This operation completed successfully. </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <div class="callout flex px-4 py-3 mb-6 rounded-md border-l-4 bg-green-100 dark:bg-green-900 border-green-500" data-callout="success" data-callout-metadata=""> <span class="callout-icon pr-3 pt-1 text-green-600 dark:text-green-300"> <svg height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M9 12.75L11.25 15L15 9.75M21 12a9 9 0 1 1-18 0a9 9 0 0 1 18 0"/></svg> </span> <div class="callout-content dark:text-neutral-300"> <div class="callout-title font-semibold mb-1">Success</div> <div class="callout-body"><p>Great job! This operation completed successfully.</p></div> </div> </div> <p><strong>Questions & Interactive:</strong></p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">[!QUESTION] </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">What do you think about this approach? Let us know! </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <div class="callout flex px-4 py-3 mb-6 rounded-md border-l-4 bg-yellow-100 dark:bg-yellow-900 border-yellow-500" data-callout="question" data-callout-metadata=""> <span class="callout-icon pr-3 pt-1 text-yellow-700 dark:text-yellow-300"> <svg height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M9.879 7.519c1.172-1.025 3.071-1.025 4.243 0c1.171 1.025 1.171 2.687 0 3.712a2.98 2.98 0 0 1-.67.442c-.746.361-1.452.999-1.452 1.827v.75M21 12a9 9 0 1 1-18 0a9 9 0 0 1 18 0m-9 5.25h.008v.008H12z"/></svg> </span> <div class="callout-content dark:text-neutral-300"> <div class="callout-title font-semibold mb-1">Question</div> <div class="callout-body"><p>What do you think about this approach? Let us know!</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">[!EXAMPLE] </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">Here's a practical example of how to implement this feature. </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <div class="callout flex px-4 py-3 mb-6 rounded-md border-l-4 bg-purple-100 dark:bg-purple-900 border-purple-500" data-callout="example" data-callout-metadata=""> <span class="callout-icon pr-3 pt-1 text-purple-600 dark:text-purple-300"> <svg height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M9.75 3.104v5.714a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-.659 1.591L5 14.5M9.75 3.104c-.251.023-.501.05-.75.082m.75-.082a24.301 24.301 0 0 1 4.5 0m0 0v5.714c0 .597.237 1.17.659 1.591L19.8 15.3M14.25 3.104c.251.023.501.05.75.082M19.8 15.3l-1.57.393A9.065 9.065 0 0 1 12 15a9.065 9.065 0 0 0-6.23-.693L5 14.5m14.8.8l1.402 1.402c1.232 1.232.65 3.318-1.067 3.611A48.309 48.309 0 0 1 12 21a48.25 48.25 0 0 1-8.135-.687c-1.718-.293-2.3-2.379-1.067-3.61L5 14.5"/></svg> </span> <div class="callout-content dark:text-neutral-300"> <div class="callout-title font-semibold mb-1">Example</div> <div class="callout-body"><p>Here’s a practical example of how to implement this feature.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">[!QUOTE] </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">"The best way to predict the future is to invent it." - Alan Kay </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <div class="callout flex px-4 py-3 mb-6 rounded-md border-l-4 bg-gray-100 dark:bg-gray-800 border-gray-500" data-callout="quote" data-callout-metadata=""> <span class="callout-icon pr-3 pt-1 text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-300"> <svg height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M20.25 8.511c.884.284 1.5 1.128 1.5 2.097v4.286c0 1.136-.847 2.1-1.98 2.193c-.34.027-.68.052-1.02.072v3.091l-3-3a49.5 49.5 0 0 1-4.02-.163a2.115 2.115 0 0 1-.825-.242m9.345-8.334a2.126 2.126 0 0 0-.476-.095a48.64 48.64 0 0 0-8.048 0c-1.131.094-1.976 1.057-1.976 2.192v4.286c0 .837.46 1.58 1.155 1.951m9.345-8.334V6.637c0-1.621-1.152-3.026-2.76-3.235A48.455 48.455 0 0 0 11.25 3c-2.115 0-4.198.137-6.24.402c-1.608.209-2.76 1.614-2.76 3.235v6.226c0 1.621 1.152 3.026 2.76 3.235c.577.075 1.157.14 1.74.194V21l4.155-4.155"/></svg> </span> <div class="callout-content dark:text-neutral-300"> <div class="callout-title font-semibold mb-1">Quote</div> <div class="callout-body"><p>“The best way to predict the future is to invent it.” - Alan Kay</p></div> </div> </div> <p><strong>Warnings & Errors:</strong></p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">[!WARNING] </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">Be careful! This action might have unexpected consequences. </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <div class="callout flex px-4 py-3 mb-6 rounded-md border-l-4 bg-orange-100 dark:bg-orange-900 border-orange-500" data-callout="warning" data-callout-metadata=""> <span class="callout-icon pr-3 pt-1 text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-300"> <svg height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M12 9v3.75m-9.303 3.376c-.866 1.5.217 3.374 1.948 3.374h14.71c1.73 0 2.813-1.874 1.948-3.374L13.949 3.378c-.866-1.5-3.032-1.5-3.898 0zM12 15.75h.007v.008H12z"/></svg> </span> <div class="callout-content dark:text-neutral-300"> <div class="callout-title font-semibold mb-1">Warning</div> <div class="callout-body"><p>Be careful! This action might have unexpected consequences.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">[!CAUTION] </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">Danger! This operation is irreversible and could cause data loss. </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <div class="callout flex px-4 py-3 mb-6 rounded-md border-l-4 bg-red-100 dark:bg-red-900 border-red-500" data-callout="caution" data-callout-metadata=""> <span class="callout-icon pr-3 pt-1 text-red-600 dark:text-red-300"> <svg height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M12 9v3.75m-9.303 3.376c-.866 1.5.217 3.374 1.948 3.374h14.71c1.73 0 2.813-1.874 1.948-3.374L13.949 3.378c-.866-1.5-3.032-1.5-3.898 0zM12 15.75h.007v.008H12z"/></svg> </span> <div class="callout-content dark:text-neutral-300"> <div class="callout-title font-semibold mb-1">Caution</div> <div class="callout-body"><p>Danger! This operation is irreversible and could cause data loss.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">[!IMPORTANT] </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">This is critical information that users must understand to proceed. </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <div class="callout flex px-4 py-3 mb-6 rounded-md border-l-4 bg-purple-100 dark:bg-purple-900 border-purple-500" data-callout="important" data-callout-metadata=""> <span class="callout-icon pr-3 pt-1 text-purple-600 dark:text-purple-300"> <svg height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M12 9v3.75m9-.75a9 9 0 1 1-18 0a9 9 0 0 1 18 0m-9 3.75h.008v.008H12z"/></svg> </span> <div class="callout-content dark:text-neutral-300"> <div class="callout-title font-semibold mb-1">Important</div> <div class="callout-body"><p>This is critical information that users must understand to proceed.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">[!DANGER] </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">This is extremely dangerous - proceed with extreme caution! </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <div class="callout flex px-4 py-3 mb-6 rounded-md border-l-4 bg-red-100 dark:bg-red-900 border-red-500" data-callout="danger" data-callout-metadata=""> <span class="callout-icon pr-3 pt-1 text-red-600 dark:text-red-300"> <svg height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M12 9v3.75m-9.303 3.376c-.866 1.5.217 3.374 1.948 3.374h14.71c1.73 0 2.813-1.874 1.948-3.374L13.949 3.378c-.866-1.5-3.032-1.5-3.898 0zM12 15.75h.007v.008H12z"/></svg> </span> <div class="callout-content dark:text-neutral-300"> <div class="callout-title font-semibold mb-1">Danger</div> <div class="callout-body"><p>This is extremely dangerous - proceed with extreme caution!</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">[!FAILURE] </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">This operation failed. Check your configuration and try again. </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <div class="callout flex px-4 py-3 mb-6 rounded-md border-l-4 bg-red-100 dark:bg-red-900 border-red-500" data-callout="failure" data-callout-metadata=""> <span class="callout-icon pr-3 pt-1 text-red-600 dark:text-red-300"> <svg height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="m9.75 9.75l4.5 4.5m0-4.5l-4.5 4.5M21 12a9 9 0 1 1-18 0a9 9 0 0 1 18 0"/></svg> </span> <div class="callout-content dark:text-neutral-300"> <div class="callout-title font-semibold mb-1">Failure</div> <div class="callout-body"><p>This operation failed. Check your configuration and try again.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">[!BUG] </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">Known issue: This feature doesn't work properly in Safari < 14. </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <div class="callout flex px-4 py-3 mb-6 rounded-md border-l-4 bg-red-100 dark:bg-red-900 border-red-500" data-callout="bug" data-callout-metadata=""> <span class="callout-icon pr-3 pt-1 text-red-600 dark:text-red-300"> <svg height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M12 12.75c1.148 0 2.278.08 3.383.237c1.037.146 1.866.966 1.866 2.013c0 3.728-2.35 6.75-5.25 6.75S6.75 18.728 6.75 15c0-1.046.83-1.867 1.866-2.013A24.204 24.204 0 0 1 12 12.75m0 0c2.883 0 5.647.508 8.208 1.44a23.91 23.91 0 0 1-1.153 6.06M12 12.75c-2.883 0-5.647.508-8.208 1.44c.125 2.105.52 4.136 1.153 6.06M12 12.75a2.25 2.25 0 0 0 2.248-2.354M12 12.75a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.248-2.354M12 8.25c.995 0 1.971-.08 2.922-.236c.403-.066.74-.358.795-.762a3.778 3.778 0 0 0-.399-2.25M12 8.25c-.995 0-1.97-.08-2.922-.236c-.402-.066-.74-.358-.795-.762a3.734 3.734 0 0 1 .4-2.253M12 8.25a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-2.248 2.146M12 8.25a2.25 2.25 0 0 1 2.248 2.146M8.683 5a6.032 6.032 0 0 1-1.155-1.002c.07-.63.27-1.222.574-1.747M8.683 5a3.75 3.75 0 0 1 6.635 0m0 0c.427-.283.815-.62 1.155-.999a4.471 4.471 0 0 0-.575-1.752M4.921 6a24.048 24.048 0 0 0-.392 3.314a23.88 23.88 0 0 0 5.223 1.082M19.08 6c.205 1.08.337 2.187.392 3.314a23.882 23.882 0 0 1-5.223 1.082"/></svg> </span> <div class="callout-content dark:text-neutral-300"> <div class="callout-title font-semibold mb-1">Bug</div> <div class="callout-body"><p>Known issue: This feature doesn’t work properly in Safari < 14.</p></div> </div> </div> <h3 id="custom-titles">Custom Titles</h3> <p>You can customize the title of any callout:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">[!WARNING]+ Custom Warning Title </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">> </span><span class="ge">This warning has a custom title instead of just "Warning". </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <div class="callout flex px-4 py-3 mb-6 rounded-md border-l-4 bg-orange-100 dark:bg-orange-900 border-orange-500" data-callout="warning" data-callout-metadata=""> <span class="callout-icon pr-3 pt-1 text-orange-600 dark:text-orange-300"> <svg height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M12 9v3.75m-9.303 3.376c-.866 1.5.217 3.374 1.948 3.374h14.71c1.73 0 2.813-1.874 1.948-3.374L13.949 3.378c-.866-1.5-3.032-1.5-3.898 0zM12 15.75h.007v.008H12z"/></svg> </span> <div class="callout-content dark:text-neutral-300"> <div class="callout-title font-semibold mb-1">Custom Warning Title<br></div> <div class="callout-body"><p>This warning has a custom title instead of just “Warning”.</p></div> </div> </div> <h3 id="legacy-syntax-deprecated">Legacy Syntax (Deprecated)</h3> <p>The old shortcode syntax still works but shows a deprecation warning:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-markdown" data-lang="markdown"><span class="line"><span class="cl">{{< callout note >}} </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">This still works but is deprecated. Use the Markdown syntax above! </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">{{< /callout >}} </span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="css-customization">CSS Customization</h3> <p>Hugo Blox generates callouts with semantic CSS classes and data attributes, making customization easy. Each callout has:</p> <ul> <li>Base class: <code>.callout</code></li> <li>Type-specific data attribute: <code>data-callout="note"</code></li> <li>Component classes: <code>.callout-icon</code>, <code>.callout-title</code>, <code>.callout-content</code>, <code>.callout-body</code></li> </ul> <p><strong>Custom CSS Example</strong> (add to your <code>assets/css/custom.css</code>):</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-css" data-lang="css"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c">/* Customize NOTE callouts */</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">callout</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="nt">data-callout</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"note"</span><span class="o">]</span> <span class="p">{</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">border-left-width</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">;</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">box-shadow</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="kt">px</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="kt">px</span> <span class="mi">-1</span><span class="kt">px</span> <span class="nb">rgb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mf">0.1</span><span class="p">);</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c">/* Make SUCCESS callouts pulse */</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">callout</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="nt">data-callout</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"success"</span><span class="o">]</span> <span class="p">{</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">animation</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">pulse</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="kt">s</span> <span class="kc">infinite</span><span class="p">;</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c">/* Custom icon styling */</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">callout-icon</span> <span class="nt">svg</span> <span class="p">{</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">transition</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">transform</span> <span class="mf">0.2</span><span class="kt">s</span><span class="p">;</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">callout</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">hover</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">callout-icon</span> <span class="nt">svg</span> <span class="p">{</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">transform</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">scale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">);</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c">/* Dark mode overrides */</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">@</span><span class="k">media</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">prefers-color-scheme</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nt">dark</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">callout</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="nt">data-callout</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"warning"</span><span class="o">]</span> <span class="p">{</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">background-color</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">rgb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">92</span> <span class="mi">25</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">border-color</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">rgb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">245</span> <span class="mi">158</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">);</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="p">}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><p>This approach matches , ensuring your styles work across platforms.</p> <h3 id="benefits-of-the-new-syntax">Benefits of the New Syntax</h3> <ul> <li><strong>Portable</strong>: Works with GitHub, Obsidian, and other Markdown editors</li> <li><strong>Standard</strong>: Uses widely-adopted Markdown callout syntax</li> <li><strong>Clean</strong>: No Hugo-specific shortcodes needed</li> <li><strong>Future-proof</strong>: Supported by the latest Hugo versions (0.132.0+)</li> <li><strong>Customizable</strong>: Semantic CSS classes and data attributes for easy styling</li> <li><strong>Complete</strong>: All 15+ Obsidian callout types supported</li> <li><strong>Multilingual</strong>: Callout titles are automatically translated based on your site’s language (and can be customized in the language packs)</li> </ul> </article> <article> <h1>Cards</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <p>A Hugo extension to create cards. Cards can be shown as links or as plain text.</p> <h2 id="usage">Usage</h2> <div class="hb-cards mt-4 grid gap-4 not-prose" style="--hb-cols: 1;"> <a class="hb-card group"href="../" > <span class="hb-card-title p-4"> <svg style="height: 1em; width: 1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M4.26 10.147a60.436 60.436 0 0 0-.491 6.347A48.627 48.627 0 0 1 12 20.904a48.627 48.627 0 0 1 8.232-4.41a60.46 60.46 0 0 0-.491-6.347m-15.482 0a50.57 50.57 0 0 0-2.658-.813A59.905 59.905 0 0 1 12 3.493a59.902 59.902 0 0 1 10.399 5.84a51.39 51.39 0 0 0-2.658.814m-15.482 0A50.697 50.697 0 0 1 12 13.489a50.702 50.702 0 0 1 7.74-3.342M6.75 15a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5m0 0v-3.675A55.378 55.378 0 0 1 12 8.443m-7.007 11.55A5.981 5.981 0 0 0 6.75 15.75v-1.5"/></svg>Learn Shortcodes</span></a> <a class="hb-card group"> <span class="hb-card-title p-4">A card without an icon or link</span></a> </div> <p>is rendered by:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback"><span class="line"><span class="cl">{{< cards >}} </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> {{< card url="../callout" title="Callout" icon="academic-cap" >}} </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> {{< card url="" title="A card without an icon" >}} </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">{{< /cards >}} </span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="options">Options</h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Parameter</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>icon</code></td> <td>Name of the icon. Defaults to </td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>title</code></td> <td>Title heading for the card.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>subtitle</code></td> <td>Subtitle heading (supports Markdown).</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>url</code></td> <td>URL</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </article> <article> <h1>Internationalization (i18n)</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <p>Hugo Blox enables you to easily edit the interface text as well as translating your site into multiple languages using Hugo’s feature.</p> <p>View the full docs at </p> </article> <article> <h1>Spoilers</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <p>A Hugo shortcode to toggle collapsible content.</p> <h2 id="example">Example</h2> <details class="spoiler " id="spoiler-0"> <summary class="cursor-pointer">Click to view the spoiler</summary> <div class="rounded-lg bg-neutral-50 dark:bg-neutral-800 p-2"> <p>You found me!</p> <p>Markdown is <strong>supported</strong>.</p> </div> </details> <h2 id="usage">Usage</h2> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback"><span class="line"><span class="cl">{{< spoiler text="Click to view the spoiler" >}} </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">This is the content of the details. </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">Markdown is **supported**. </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">{{< /spoiler >}} </span></span></code></pre></div> </article> <article> <h1>Steps</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <p>Display a series of steps, such as for a tutorial.</p> <h2 id="example">Example</h2> <div class="hb-steps"> <h3 id="step-1">Step 1</h3> <p>The first step here…</p> <h3 id="step-2">Step 2</h3> <p>The second step here…</p> <h3 id="step-3">Step 3</h3> <p>The third step here…</p> </div> <h2 id="usage">Usage</h2> <p>Use the Markdown level-3 headings to represent step titles within the <code>steps</code> shortcode:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback"><span class="line"><span class="cl">{{% steps %}} </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">### Step 1 </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">The first step here... </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">### Step 2 </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">The second step here... </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">### Step 3 </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">The third step here... </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">{{% /steps %}} </span></span></code></pre></div> </article> </main></body></html>